skip to main content
research-article

Safe Spaces and Safe Places: Unpacking Technology-Mediated Experiences of Safety and Harm with Transgender People

Authors Info & Claims
Published:01 November 2018Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

Transgender individuals in the United States face significant threats to interpersonal safety; however, there has as yet been relatively little research in the HCI and CSCW communities to document transgender individuals' experiences of technology-mediated safety and harm. In this study, we interviewed 12 transgender and non-binary individuals to understand how they find, create, and navigate safe spaces using technology. Managing safety was a universal concern for our transgender participants, and they experienced complex manifestations of harm through technology. We found that harmful experiences for trans users could arise as targeted or incidental affronts, as sourced from outsiders or insiders, and as directed against individuals or entire communities.. Notably, some violations implicated technology design, while others tapped broader social dynamics. Reading our findings through the notions of 'space" and 'place," we unpack challenges and opportunities for building safer futures with transfolk, other vulnerable users, and their allies.

References

  1. Melissa Adler. 2013. Gender Expression in a Small World: Social Tagging of Transgender-themed Books. In Proceedings of the 76th ASIS&T Annual Meeting: Beyond the Cloud: Rethinking Information Boundaries (ASIST '13), 52:1--52:8. Retrieved from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2655780.2655832 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. Alex A Ahmed. 2017. Trans Competent Interaction Design: A Qualitative Study on Voice, Identity, and Technology. Interacting with Computers: 1--19.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Zahra Ashktorab and Jessica Vitak. 2016. Designing Cyberbullying Mitigation and Prevention Solutions through Participatory Design With Teenagers. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '16, 3895--3905. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. Diana Beirl, Anya Zeitlin, Jerald Chan, Kai Ip Alvin Loh, and Xiaodi Zhong. 2017. GotYourBack: An Internet of Toilets for the Trans* Community. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI EA '17, 39--45. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. Talia Mae Bettcher. 2007. Evil Deceivers and Make-Believers: On Transphobic Violence and the Politics of Illusion. Hypatia 22, 3: 43--65.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  6. Amy Billingsley. 2015. Technology and Narratives of Continuity in Transgender Experiences. Feminist Philosophy Quarterly 1, 1: 1--24.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  7. R. Bivens and O. L. Haimson. 2016. Baking Gender Into Social Media Design: How Platforms Shape Categories for Users and Advertisers. Social Media + Society 2, 4: 1--12.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Rena Bivens and Oliver L. Haimson. 2016. Baking Gender Into Social Media Design: How Platforms Shape Categories for Users and Advertisers. Social Media + Society 2, 4: 1--12.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  9. Lindsay Blackwell, Jill Dimond, Sarita Schoenebeck, and Cliff Lampe. 2017. Classification and Its Consequences for Online Harassment: Design Insights from HeartMob ACM Reference format. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. Article Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact 1, 2: 1--19. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Lindsay Blackwell, Mark Handel, Sarah T. Roberts, Amy Bruckman, and Kimberly Voll. 2018. Understanding "Bad Actors" Online. In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '18, 1--7. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. Lindsay Blackwell, Jean Hardy, Tawfiq Ammari, Tiffany Veinot, Cliff Lampe, and Sarita Schoenebeck. 2016. LGBT Parents and Social Media: Advocacy, Privacy, and Disclosure During Shifting Social Movements. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16) (CHI '16), 610--622. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. Karen L. Blair and Rhea Ashley Hoskin. 2015. Experiences of femme identity: coming out, invisibility and femmephobia. Psychology & Sexuality 6, 3: 229--244.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  13. Jan Blom, Divya Viswanathan, Janet Go, Mirjana Spasojevic, Karthik Acharya, and Robert Ahonius. 2010. Fear and the City: Role of Mobile Services in Harnessing Safety and Security in Urban Use Contexts. Chi'10: 1841--1850. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. Stacy M. Branham, Ali Abdolrahmani, William Easley, Morgan Scheuerman, Erick Ronquillo, and Amy Hurst. 2017. 'Is Someone There? Do They Have a Gun": How Visual Information about Others Can Improve Personal Safety Management for Blind Individuals. In Proceedings of the 19th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility - ASSETS '17, 260--269. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  15. Amy S. Bruckman, Jennifer E. Below, Lucas Dixon, Casey Fiesler, Eric E. Gilbert, Sarah A. Gilbert, and J. Nathan Matias. 2018. Managing Deviant Behavior in Online Communities III. In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '18, 1--4. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. Jamie C. Capuzza and Leland G. Spencer. 2015. Transgender communication studies?: histories, trends, and trajectories.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. A Carlsen and F Haque. 2017. What Does Facebook Consider Hate Speech? Take Our Quiz. The New York Times. Retrieved July 11, 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/10/13/technology/facebook-hate-speech-quiz.htmlGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. Despoina Chatzakou, Nicolas Kourtellis, Jeremy Blackburn, Emiliano De Cristofaro, Gianluca Stringhini, and Athena Vakali. 2017. Measuring #GamerGate: A Tale of Hate, Sexism, and Bullying. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web, 1285--1290. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Justin Cheng, Michael Bernstein, Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, and Jure Leskovec. 2017. Anyone Can Become a Troll: Causes of Trolling Behavior in Online Discussions. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW '17). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. Alexander Cho. 2017. Default publicness: Queer youth of color, social media, and being outed by the machine. New Media & Society: 146144481774478.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  21. Kimberle Crenshaw. 1989. Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Policies. The University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989, 1: 139--167.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  22. Kimberle Crenshaw. 1991. Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color. Source: Stanford Law Review 43, 6: 1241--1299. Retrieved November 15, 2017 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1229039Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  23. Daniel D'Addario. 2016. The Gay Bar As a Safe Space has been Shattered. Time. Retrieved August 28, 2017 from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=3&sid=9c1509cb-dda2--4881--8c11--6a523d5eb30d%40sessionmgr102&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHVybCx1aWQmc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=mth&AN=116134177Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. Avery Dame. 2016. Making a name for yourself: tagging as transgender ontological practice on Tumblr. Critical Studies in Media Communication 33, 1: 23--37.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  25. Paul Dourish. 2006. Re-space-ing place: 'place" and 'space" ten years on. In Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work - CSCW '06, 299. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. Paul Dourish and Genevieve Bell. 2007. The Infrastructure of Experience and the Experience of Infrastructure: Meaning and Structure in Everyday Encounters with Space. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 34, 3: 414--430.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  27. Melanie Feinberg, Daniel Carter, and Julia Bullard. 2014. A Story Without End?: Writing the Residual into Descriptive Infrastructure. DIS '14 Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference: 385--394. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  28. Janet Finch. 2004. Feminism and Qualitative Research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 7, 1: 61--64.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  29. Andrew R. Flores, Jody L. Herman, Gary J. Gates, and Taylor N. T. Brown. 2016. How Many Adults Identify As Transgender in the United States? Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved August 22, 2017 from https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdfGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  30. Amy Gonzales and Nicole Fritz. 2017. Prioritizing Flexibility and Intangibles: Medical Crowdfunding for Stigmatized Individuals. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17), 2371--2375. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. Joshua Guberman, Carol E. Schmitz, and Libby Hemphill. 2016. Quantifying Toxicity and Verbal Violence on Twitter. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing Companion - CSCW '16 Companion, 277--280. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  32. Oliver L. Haimson, Anne E. Bowser, Edward F. Melcer, and Elizabeth F. Churchill. 2015. Online Inspiration and Exploration for Identity Reinvention. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '15, 3809--3818. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. Oliver L. Haimson, Jed R. Brubaker, Lynn Dombrowski, and Gillian R. Hayes. 2015. Disclosure, Stress, and Support During Gender Transition on Facebook. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW '15), 1176--1190. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. Oliver L. Haimson, Jed R. Brubaker, Lynn Dombrowski, and Gillian R. Hayes. 2016. Digital Footprints and Changing Networks During Online Identity Transitions. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16), 2895--2907. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  35. Oliver L. Haimson and Anna Lauren Hoffmann. 2016. Constructing and enforcing 'authentic" identity online: Facebook, real names, and non-normative identities. First Monday 21, 6.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  36. Foad Hamidi, Morgan Klaus Scheuerman, and Stacy M Branham. 2018. Gender Recognition or Gender Reductionism? The Social Implications of Automatic Gender Recognition Systems. In 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '18). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. Mark J. Handel, Rena Bivens, Jed R. Brubaker, Oliver L. Haimson, Jessa Lingel, and Svetlana Yarosh. 2015. Facebooking in 'Face": Complex Identities Meet Simple Databases. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference Companion on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing - CSCW'15 Companion, 122--125. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  38. Steve Harrison and Paul Dourish. 1996. Re-place-ing Space: The Roles of Place and Space in Collaborative Systems. In Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work - CSCW '96, 67--76. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  39. Libby Hemphill and Jahna Otterbacher. 2012. Learning the Lingo Gender, Prestige and Linguistic Adaptation in Review Communities. Computer Supported Cooperative Work: 305--314. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  40. Susan Herring, Kirk Job-Sluder, Rebecca Scheckler, and Sasha Barab. 2002. Searching for Safety Online: Managing 'Trolling" in a Feminist Forum. Information Society 18, 5: 371--384.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  41. Sandy E. James, Jody L. Herman, Susan Rankin, Mara Keisling, Lisa Mottet, and Ma'ayan Anafi. 2016. The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Retrieved August 22, 2017 from http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS Full Report - FINAL 1.6.17.pdfGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  42. Stephanie Julia Kapusta. 2016. Misgendering and Its Moral Contestability. Hypatia 31, 3: 502--519.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  43. Moira Rachel Kenney. 2001. Mapping Gay L.A.: The Intersection of Place and Politics. 1--20.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  44. Tal Kopan and Cnn Eugene Scott. 2016. North Carolina governor signs controversial transgender bill. CNN. Retrieved March 13, 2018 from https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/23/politics/north-carolina-gender-bathrooms-bill/index.htmlGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  45. Andrew Kramer. 2017. 'They Starve You. They Shock You': Inside the Anti-Gay Pogrom in Chechnya. New York Times. Retrieved January 7, 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/21/world/europe/chechnya-russia-attacks-gays.htmlGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  46. Stacey Kuznetsov and Eric Paulos. 2010. Participatory sensing in public spaces: Activating Urban Surfaces with Sensor Probes. Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems - DIS '10 34, 1: 21. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  47. Sarah Lamble. 2008. Retelling Racialized violence, Remaking White Innocence: The Politics of Interlocking Oppressions in Transgender Day of Remembrance. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 5, 1: 24--42.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  48. Katie O Leary, Arpita Bhattacharya, Sean A. Munson, Jacob O. Wobbrock, and Wanda Pratt. 2017. Design Opportunities for Mental Health Peer Support Technologies. CSCW '17 Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, February: 1470--1484. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  49. Sheena Lewis and Dan A Lewis. Examining Technology that Supports Community Policing. Retrieved October 11, 2017 from http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/2210000/2208595/p1371-lewis.pdf?ip=130.85.58.236&id=2208595&acc=ACTIVE SERVICE&key=5F8E7AA76238C9EB.E2B546BDBAFC5578.4D4702B0C3E38B35.4D4702B0C3E38B35&CFID=815583551&CFTOKEN=92367669&__acm__=1507766305_ab7ad3c01dec7b4059dcc47b5f3a7432Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  50. E L Lombardi, R A Wilchins, D Priesing, and D Malouf. 2001. Gender violence: transgender experiences with violence and discrimination. Journal of homosexuality 42, 1: 89--101. Retrieved December 23, 2017 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11991568Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  51. Leanna Lucero. 2017. Safe Spaces in Online Places: Social Media and LGBTQ Youth. Multicultural Education Review 0031, June: 1--12.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  52. Nico Machlitt. 2014. The Next Civil Rights Frontier: How the Transgender Movement Is Taking Over. Huffpost. Retrieved July 11, 2018 from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/nico-machlitt/the-transgender-movement-is-taking-over_b_5974198.htmlGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  53. Adrienne Massanari. 2017. #Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit's algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures. New Media & Society 19, 3: 329--346.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  54. Doreen Massey. 2012. Power-geometry and a progressive sense of place. In Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change. Routledge, 75--85.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  55. J. Nathan Matias, Sarah Szalavitz, and Ethan Zuckerman. 2017. FollowBias: Supporting Behavior Change toward Gender Equality by Networked Gatekeepers on Social Media. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing - CSCW '17, 1082--1095. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  56. Sj Miller. 2016. Glossary of Terms: Defining a Common Queer Language. In Teaching, Affirming, and Recognizing Trans and Gender Creative Youth.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  57. William Norton. 2006. Cultural geography?: environments, landscapes, identities, inequalities. Oxford University Press. Retrieved July 11, 2018 from https://books.google.com/books/about/Cultural_Geography.html?id=oqVhQgAACAAJGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  58. Larry Nuttbrock, Walter Bockting, Andrew Rosenblum, Sel Hwahng, Mona Mason, Monica Macri, and Jeffrey Becker. 2014. Gender abuse and major depression among transgender women: a prospective study of vulnerability and resilience. American journal of public health 104, 11: 2191--8.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  59. Jessica A. Pater, Moon K. Kim, Elizabeth D. Mynatt, and Casey Fiesler. 2016. Characterizations of Online Harassment. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Supporting Group Work - GROUP '16, 369--374. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  60. Emma Pierson. 2015. Outnumbered but Well-Spoken. Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing - CSCW '15: 1201--1213. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  61. Bailey Poland. 2016. Haters?: harassment, abuse, and violence online. Retrieved January 5, 2018 from https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3126001&CFID=839489828&CFTOKEN=57861800 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  62. Meghan Ashlin Rich. 2017. 'Artists are a tool for gentrification': maintaining artists and creative production in arts districts. International Journal of Cultural Policy: 1--16.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  63. Christina Richards, Walter Pierre Bouman, and Meg-John Barker. 2017. Genderqueer and Non-Binary Genders.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  64. Kathryn E Ringland, Christine T Wolf, Lynn Dombrowski, and Gillian R Hayes. 2015. Making "Safe": Community-Centered Practices in a Virtual World Dedicated to Children with Autism. CSCW: 1788--1800. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  65. Jennifer A. Rode. 2010. The roles that make the domestic work. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work - CSCW '10, 381. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  66. Marc Santora. 2016. Last Call at Pulse Nightclub, and Then Shots Rang Out. The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/13/us/last-call-at-orlando-club-and-then-the-shots-rang-out.htmlGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  67. Ari Schlesinger, W Keith Edwards, and Rebecca E Grinter. 2017. Intersectional HCI: Engaging Identity Through Gender, Race, and Class. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17), 5412--5427. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  68. Andrew Schrock and Danah Boyd. 2008. Online Threats to Youth: Enhancing Child Safety & Online Technologies. Retrieved January 7, 2018 from http://cyber.harvard.edu/pubrelease/isttf/Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  69. Bryan Semaan, Lauren M. Britton, and Bryan Dosono. 2017. Military Masculinity and the Travails of Transitioning: Disclosure in Social Media. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing - CSCW '17, 387--403. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  70. Eve Shapiro. 2004. Trans'cending Barriers: Transgender Organizing on the Internet. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services 16, 3--4: 165--179.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  71. Anneliese A. Singh and Vel S. McKleroy. 2011. "Just getting out of bed is a revolutionary act": The resilience of transgender people of color who have survived traumatic life events. Traumatology 17, 2: 34--44.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  72. Vivek K. Singh, Marie L. Radford, Qianjia Huang, and Susan Furrer. 2017. "They basically like destroyed the school one day": On Newer App Features and Cyberbullying in Schools. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing - CSCW '17, 1210--1216. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  73. Jack Sullivan, Catherine Shugrue, Dos Santos, Shelby Chestnut, Darlene S Torres, Suzy Salamy, Robert Lopez, Larissa Pham, Sue Yacka Bible, Cecilia Wolfe, Osheen Lucasian, Robert Gomez, Lucina Morelos, Mariana Marroquin, Cara Presley, Lidia Salazar, Rachel Tillman, and Serena Johnson. 2017. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and HIV-Affected Hate Violence in 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2018 from www.ncavp.orgGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  74. Tad Hirsch. 2016. Case Study: Pivot-Surreptious Communications Design. In Civic Media: Technology, Design, Practice, Eric Gordon and Paul Mihailidis (eds.). 521--526.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  75. Jessica Vitak, Kalyani Chadha, Linda Steiner, and Zahra Ashktorab. 2017. Identifying Women's Experiences With and Strategies for Mitigating Negative Effects of Online Harassment. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW '17): 1231--1245. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  76. Kylan Mattias De Vries. 2012. Intersectional Identities and Conceptions of the Self: The Experience of Transgender People. Symbolic Interaction 35, 1: 49--67.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  77. Aimee Wodda and Vanessa Panfil. 2015. "Don't talk to me about deception": The necessary erosion of the trans* panic defense. Albany Law Review 78, 3: 927--971.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  78. M. L. Ybarra, K. J. Mitchell, J. Wolak, and D. Finkelhor. 2006. Examining Characteristics and Associated Distress Related to Internet Harassment: Findings From the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey. PEDIATRICS 118, 4: e1169--e1177.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  79. 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey: Report on the Experiences of Black Respondents. Retrieved September 29, 2017 from http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Black-Respondents-Report.pdfGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  80. Oakland fire: The last hours of the Ghost Ship warehouse. Retrieved January 7, 2018 from https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/12/11/oakland-fire-ghost-ship-last-hours/Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  81. 2014. Sexual Assault: The Numbers | Responding to Transgender Victims of Sexual Assault. Office for Victims of Crime. Retrieved August 22, 2017 from https://www.ovc.gov/pubs/forge/sexual_numbers.htmlGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar

Index Terms

  1. Safe Spaces and Safe Places: Unpacking Technology-Mediated Experiences of Safety and Harm with Transgender People

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Login options

    Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

    Sign in

    Full Access

    • Published in

      cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
      Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction  Volume 2, Issue CSCW
      November 2018
      4104 pages
      EISSN:2573-0142
      DOI:10.1145/3290265
      Issue’s Table of Contents

      Copyright © 2018 ACM

      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      • Published: 1 November 2018
      Published in pacmhci Volume 2, Issue CSCW

      Permissions

      Request permissions about this article.

      Request Permissions

      Check for updates

      Qualifiers

      • research-article

    PDF Format

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader