Chen Song
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Abstract
Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, has been widely applied in product manufacturing. However, the emerging unauthorized access of 3D printing data, as well as the growth in the pervasiveness and capability of 3D printing devices have raised serious concerns about 3D printing product anti-counterfeit. Electronic product tags are the current standard for authentication purposes; however, often this technology is neither secure nor cost-effective, and fails to take advantage of other unique 3D printing features. Considering the great usability of the QR code, we are motivated to enhance the QR code for the practical and cost-effective 3D printing product identification. Particularly, we bring up the all-in-one design, all-in-one manufacturing concept incorporating the QR code in the complete 3D printing paradigm. In detail, we explore the possibility of leveraging the random and uncontrollable process variations in the 3D printing system to generate a unique fingerprint for the integrated QR code. To this end, we present an end-to-end 3D-printed QR code verification framework, which does not change the original QR protocol and functionality. The entire solution can be implemented with commodity 3D printers and smartphones. Specifically, we first investigate the inevitable and random process variations in the 3D printing mechanism and analyze the causality between the variations and detectable geometric deformation. We further develop a fingerprint extraction algorithm taking into account both the QR code property and the 3D printer characteristics. The system evaluation indicates that our solution is secure and robust in multiple scenarios.
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