Abstract
When people communicate, their messages convey affect alongside informational content. The affective dimension of messages is often unclear and open to multiple interpretations especially in an intercultural context. Thus, interlocutors may or may not achieve a state of affective grounding in which each person's affective behaviors are correctly interpreted by his/her partners. The current study examines the effects of culture on affective grounding. We conducted a laboratory experiment in which pairs of participants, half from America (A) and half from China (C), collaborated over instant messaging (IM). We found that affective grounding was harder to achieve for AA and AC pairs, but easier for CC pairs. We propose several design solutions to facilitate affective grounding in remote collaborations.
- Wendi L. Adair and Jeanne M. Brett. 2005. The negotiation dance: Time, culture, and behavioral sequences in negotiation. Organization Science 16, 1: 33--51. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wendi L. Adair, Okumura Tau, and Jeanne M. Brett. 2001. Negotiation behavior when cultures collide: The United States and Japan. Journal of Applied Psychology 86, 3: 371--385.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cameron Anderson, Dacher Keltner, and Oliver, P. John. 2003. Emotional convergence between people over time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, 5: 1054--1068Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lynne M. Andersson and Christine M. Pearson. 1999. Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review 24, 3: 452--471.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sigal G. Barsade and Donald E. Gibson. 2007. Why does affect matter in organizations? The Academy of Management Perspectives 21, 1: 36--59.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sigrun Biesenbach-Lucas. 2007. Students writing emails to faculty: An examination of e-politeness among native and non-native speakers of English. Language Learning & Technology 11, 2: 59--81.Google Scholar
- Nathan Bos, N. Sadat Shami, Judith S. Olson, Arik Cheshin, and Ning Nan. 2004. In-group/out-group effects in distributed teams: an experimental simulation. In Proceedings of the 2004 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '04). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 429--436. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Diana Boxer. 1993. Complaining and Commiserating: A Speech Act View of Solidarity in Spoken American English. NY: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- Susan E. Brennan. 1998. The grounding problem in conversations with and through computers. In Susan R. Fussell and Roger Kreuz. (Eds.). Social and Cognitive Approaches to Interpersonal Communication (pp.210--255). Hillsdale : Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Herbert H. Clark and Susan E. Brennan. 1991. Grounding in communication. In Lauren B. Resnick, John M. Levine, and Stephanie D. Teasley. (Eds.). Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition (pp. 127--149). APA Press.Google Scholar
- Herbert H. Clark and Deanna Wilkes-Gibbs. 1986. Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition 22, 1: 1--39.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Moritz Sudhof, Dan Jurafsky, Jure Leskovec, and Christopher Potts. 2013. A computational approach to politeness with application to social factors. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'13).Google Scholar
- Alan R. Dennis, Robert M. Fuller, and Joseph S. Valacich. 2008. Media, tasks, and communication processes: A theory of media synchronicity. MIS Quarterly 32, 3: 575--600. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Daantje Derks, Arjan E. R. Bos, and Jasper Von Grumbkow. 2008. Emoticons in computer-mediated communication: Social motives and social context. CyberPsychology & Behavior 11, 1: 99--101.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Daantje Derks, Agneta H. Fischer, and Arjan E. R. Bos. 2008. The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review. Computers in Human Behavior 24, 3: 766--785. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Eli Dresner, and Susan C. Herring. 2010. Functions of the nonverbal in CMC: Emoticons and illocutionary force. Communication Theory 20, 3: 249--268.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Paul Ekman. 2007. Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. Macmillan.Google Scholar
- David Engel, Anita W. Woolley, Lisa X. Jing, Christopher F. Chabris, and Thomas W. Malone. 2014. Reading the mind in the eyes or reading between the lines? Theory of mind predicts collective intelligence equally well online and face-to-face. PLoS ONE 9, 12: 1--16.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jamie Guillory, Jason Spiegel, Molly Drislane, Benjamin Weiss, Walter Donner, and Jeffrey Hancock. 2011. Upset now?: Emotion contagion in distributed groups. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 745--748. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Edward T. Hall. 1976. Beyond Culture. New York: Dubleday Dell Publishing.Google Scholar
- Jeffery T. Hancock, Kailyn Gee, Keven Ciaccio, and Jennifer M. Lin. 2008. I'm sad you're sad: Emotion contagion in CMC. In Proceedings of the ACM 2008 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'08). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 295--298. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jeffey T. Hancock, Christopher Landrigan, and Courtney Silver. 2007. Expressing emotion in text-based communication. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'07). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 929--932. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Garrett Hardin. 1974. Lifeboat ethics: The case against helping the poor. Psychology Today.Google Scholar
- Elaine Hatfield, John T. Cacioppo, and Richard L. Rapson. 1993. Emotional contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2, 3: 96--100.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ari M. J. Hautasaari, Naomi Yamashita, and Ge Gao. 2014. "Maybe it was a joke": Emotion detection in text-only communication by non-native English speakers. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3715--3724. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ellen Isaacs, Alan Walendowski, Steve Whittaker, Diane J. Schiano, and Candace Kamm. 2002. The character, functions, and styles of instant messaging in the workplace. In Proceedings of the 2002 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '02). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 11--20. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Adam Jaworski. 1993. The Power of Silence: Social and Pragmatic Perspectives. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Adam Jaworski. 1997. Silence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives., Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Regina Jucks, and Rainer Bromme. 2011. Perspective taking in computer-mediated instructional communication. Journal of Media Psychology 23, 4: 192--199.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Malte F. Jung. 2016. Coupling interactions and performance: predicting team performance from thin slices of conflict. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 23, 3: 1--32. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Malte F. Jung. 2017. Affective grounding in human-robot interaction. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 263--273. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Malte F. Jung, Jan Chong, and Larry Leifer. 2012. Group hedonic balance and pair programming performance: Affective interaction dynamics as indicators of performance. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 829--838. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Malte F. Jung, Jin J. Lee, Nick DePalma, Sigurdur O. Adalgeirsson, Pamela J. Hinds, and Cynthia Breazeal. 2013. Engaging robots: Easing complex human-robot teamwork using backchanneling. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1555--1566. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Donald H. Kluemper, Timothy DeGroot, and Sungwon Choi. 2013. Emotion management ability: Predicting task performance, citizenship, and deviance. Journal of Management 39, 4: 878--905.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Clayton Lafferty, Patrick M. Eady, and John M. Elmers. 1974. The desert survival problem. In Experimental Learning Methods. Plymouth, MI.Google Scholar
- Marcial Losada and Emily Heaphy. 2004. The role of positivity and connectivity in the performance of business teams a nonlinear dynamics model. American Behavioral Scientist 47, 6: 740--765.Google ScholarCross Ref
- John Mayer, and Glenn Geher. 1996. Emotional intelligence and the identification of emotion. Intelligence 22, 2: 89--113.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gregory J. Mills and Patrick G. T. Healey. 2013. A Dialogue Experimentation Toolkit. Online version: http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/gmills/MillsHealey2013Submission.pdfGoogle Scholar
- Ikuko Nakane. 2006. Silence and politeness in intercultural communication in university seminars. Journal of Pragmatics 38, 11: 1811--1835.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Duyen T. Nguyen and Susan R. Fussell. 2012. How did you feel during our conversation?: Retrospective analysis of intercultural and same-culture instant messaging conversations. In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 117--126. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Duyen T. Nguyen and Susan R. Fussell. 2013. Effect of message content on communication processes in intercultural and same-culture instant messaging conversations. In Proceedings of the ACM 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 19--32. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gary M. Olson and Judith S. Olson. 2000. Distance matters. Human-Computer Interaction 15, 2: 139--178. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Martin Pielot, Rodrigo de Oliveira, Haewook Kwak, and Nuria Oliver. 2014. Didn't you see my message?: Predicting attentiveness to mobile instant messages. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3319--3328. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Artemio Jr. Ramirez and Judee K. Burgoon. 2004. The effect of interactivity on initial interactions: The influence of information valence and modality and information richness on computer-mediated interaction. Communication Monographs 71, 4: 422--447.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Rieko M. Richardson and Sandi W. Smith. 2007. The influence of high/low-context culture and power distance on choice of communication media: Students' media choice to communicate with professors in Japan and America. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 31, 4: 479--501.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Felicia Roberts, Piera Margutti, and Shoji Takano. 2011. Judgments concerning the valence of inter-turn silence across speakers of American English, Italian, and Japanese. Discourse Processes 48, 5: 331--354.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sarah Leon Rojas, Nils Jeners, and Uwe Kirschenmann. 2012. Analyse sozialer beziehungen anhand nonverbaler signale im IM-chat. In Harald Reiterer and Oliver Deussen. (Eds.). Mensch & Computer 2012: Interaktiv Informiert -- Allgegenwärtig und Allumfassend!? (pp.103--122). München: Oldenbourg Verlag.Google Scholar
- Leslie D. Setlock, Susan R. Fussell, and Christine Neuwirth. 2004. Taking it out of context: Collaborating within and across cultures in face-to-face settings and via instant messaging. In Proceedings of the ACM 2004 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'04). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 604--613. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Katharina Reinecke and Abraham Bernstein. 2013. Knowing what a user likes: A design science approach to interfaces that automatically adapt to culture. MIS Quarterly 37, 2: 427--453. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Robert A. Stebbins. 2001. Exploratory Research in The Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Joseph B. Walther. 1992. Interpersonal effects in computer- mediated interaction: A relational perspective. Communication Research 19, 1: 52--60.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Joseph B. Walther. 1996. Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research 23, 1: 3--43.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hao-Chuan Wang and Susan R. Fussell. 2010. Groups in groups: Conversational similarity in online multicultural multiparty brainstorming. In Proceedings of the ACM 2010 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 351--360. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Janyce Wiebe, Theresa Wilson, and Claire Cardie. 2005. Annotating expressions of opinions and emotions in language. Language Resources and Evaluation 39, 2: 1--54.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Michele Williams. 2007. Building genuine trust through interpersonal emotion management: A threat regulation model of trust and collaboration across boundaries. Academy of Management Review 32, 2: 595--621.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Anita W. Woolley, Christopher F. Chabris, Alex Pentland, Nada Hashmi, and Thomas W. Malone. 2010. Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. Science 330, 6004: 686--688.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Beyond Information Content: The Effects of Culture on Affective Grounding in Instant Messaging Conversations
Recommendations
Affective Grounding in Human-Robot Interaction
HRI '17: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot InteractionParticipating in interaction requires not only coordination on content and process, as previously proposed, but also on affect. The term affective grounding is introduced to refer to the coordination of affect in interaction with the purpose of building ...
The effect of emoticons in simplex and complex task-oriented communication: An empirical study of instant messaging
Many studies have shed light on general computer-mediated communication, instant messaging (IM), and emotion or emoticons, but little is known specifically about the impacts of emoticons in task-oriented IM communication in the workplace. Therefore, the ...
Using kinetic typography to convey emotion in text-based interpersonal communication
DIS '06: Proceedings of the 6th conference on Designing Interactive systemsText-based interpersonal communication tools such as instant messenger are widely used today. These tools often feature emoticons that people use to express emotion to some degree. However, emoticons still lack the ability to communicate the details of ...
Comments