skip to main content
research-article

Beyond Just Text: Semantic Emoji Similarity Modeling to Support Expressive Communication 👫📲😃

Published:10 March 2017Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

Emoji, a set of pictographic Unicode characters, have seen strong uptake over the last couple of years. All common mobile platforms and many desktop systems now support emoji entry, and users have embraced their use. Yet, we currently know very little about what makes for good emoji entry. While soft keyboards for text entry are well optimized, based on language and touch models, no such information exists to guide the design of emoji keyboards. In this article, we investigate of the problem of emoji entry, starting with a study of the current state of the emoji keyboard implementation in Android. To enable moving forward to novel emoji keyboard designs, we then explore a model for emoji similarity that is able to inform such designs. This semantic model is based on data from 21 million collected tweets containing emoji. We compare this model against a solely description-based model of emoji in a crowdsourced study. Our model shows good perfor mance in capturing detailed relationships between emoji.

Skip Supplemental Material Section

Supplemental Material

References

  1. Sho Aoki and Osamu Uchida. 2011. A method for automatically generating the emotional vectors of emoticons using weblog articles. In Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS International Conference on Applied Computer and Applied Computational Science (ACACOS’11). 132--136.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. Gilles Bailly, Antti Oulasvirta, Duncan P. Brumby, and Andrew Howes. 2014. Model of visual search and selection time in linear menus. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’14). ACM, New York, NY, 3865--3874. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557093 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  3. Saeideh Bakhshi, David A. Shamma, Lyndon Kennedy, Yale Song, Paloma de Juan, and Joseph ‘Jofish’ Kaye. 2016. Fast, cheap, and good: Why animated GIFs engage us. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’16). ACM Press, New York, NY, 575--586. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858532 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. Xiaojun Bi, Barton A. Smith, and Shumin Zhai. 2012. Multilingual touchscreen keyboard design and optimization. Human Computer Interaction 27, 4 (2012), 352--382. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2012.678241Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. Matthias Böhmer, Christian Lander, Sven Gehring, Duncan P. Brumby, and Antonio Krüger. 2014. Interrupted by a phone call: Exploring designs for lowering the impact of call notifications for smartphone users. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’14). ACM Press, New York, NY, 3045--3054. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557066 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. Spencer Cappallo, Thomas Mensink, and Cees G. M. Snoek. 2015a. Image2Emoji: Zero-shot emoji prediction for visual media. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia. 1311--1314. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2733373.2806335 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  7. Spencer Cappallo, Thomas Mensink, and Cees G. M. Snoek. 2015b. Query-by-Emoji video search. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia. 735--736. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2733373.2807961 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  8. Heeryon Cho and Toru Ishida. 2011. Exploring cultural differences in pictogram interpretations. In The Language Grid, Toru Ishida (Ed.). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 133--148. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21178-2_9 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  9. Karen Church, Denzil Ferreira, Nikola Banovic, and Kent Lyons. 2015. Understanding the challenges of mobile phone usage data. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI’15). ACM Press, New York, NY, 504--514. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2785830.2785891 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Mark Dunlop and John Levine. 2012. Multidimensional Pareto optimization of touchscreen keyboards for speed, familiarity and improved spell checking. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’12). ACM Press, New York, NY, 2669--2678. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208659 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. Thomas B. Fitzpatrick. 1988. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Archives of Dermatology 124, 6 (1988), 869--871. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1988.01670060015008 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  12. Jeffrey T. Hancock, Christopher Landrigan, and Courtney Silver. 2007. Expressing emotion in text-based communication. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’07). ACM Press, New York, NY, 929--932. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240764 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. Niels Henze, Enrico Rukzio, and Susanne Boll. 2012. Observational and experimental investigation of typing behaviour using virtual keyboards for mobile devices. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’12). ACM, 2659--2668. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2208636.2208658Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. Joris H. Janssen, Wijnand A. Ijsselsteijn, and Joyce H. D. M. Westerink. 2014. How affective technologies can influence intimate interactions and improve social connectedness. International Journal of Human Computer Studies 72, 1 (2014), 33--43. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2013.09.007 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  15. Andreas Karrenbauer and Antti Oulasvirta. 2014. Improvements to keyboard optimization with integer programming. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST’14). ACM Press, New York, NY, 621--626. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2642918.2647382 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. David E. Kieras and Anthony J. Hornof. 2014. Towards accurate and practical predictive models of active-vision-based visual search. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’14). ACM, New York, NY, 3875--3884. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557324 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. Per Ola Kristensson and Keith Vertanen. 2014. The inviscid text entry rate and its application as a grand goal for mobile text entry. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices 8 Services (MobileHCI’14). ACM Press, New York, NY, 335--338. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2628363.2628405 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. Henry Kučera and W. Nelson Francis. 1967. Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English. Brown University Press, Providence, RI.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  19. Lisa Lebduska. 2015. Emoji, Emoji, What for art thou? Harlot 12 (2015). http://harlotofthearts.org/index.php/harlot/article/view/186/157.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. Ying Liu and Qiqun Wang. 2007. Chinese pinyin phrasal input on mobile phone: Usability and developing trends. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Mobile Technology, Applications, and Systems and the 1st International Symposium on Computer Human Interaction in Mobile Technology (Mobility’07), Vol. 07. ACM Press, New York, NY, 540--546. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1378063.1378151 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. Daniel P. Lopresti and Andrew Tomkins. 1993. Approximate matching of hand-drawn pictograms. In Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. 102--111.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  22. Tomas Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean. 2013. Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In Proceedings of NIPS.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  23. Hannah Miller, Jacob Thebault-Spieker, Shuo Chang, Isaac Johnson, Loren Terveen, and Brent Hecht. 2016. Blissfully happy or ready to fight: Varying interpretations of emoji. In Proceedings of International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. 259--268.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. Marketta Niemelä and Jukka Saarinen. 2000. Visual search for grouped versus ungrouped icons in a computer interface. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42, 4 (2000), 630--635. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872000779697999 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  25. Petra Kralj Novak, Jasmina Smailovic, Borut Sluban, and Igor Mozetic. 2015. Sentiment of emojis. PLoS ONE 10, 12 (2015), 1--19. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144296 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  26. Fabian Pedregosa, Gaël Varoquaux, Alexandre Gramfort, Vincent Michel, Bertrand Thirion, Olivier Grisel, Mathieu Blondel, Peter Prettenhofer, Ron Weiss, Vincent Dubourg, Jake Vanderplas, Alexandre Passos, David Cournapeau, Matthieu Brucher, Matthieu Perrot, and Édouard Duchesna. 2011. Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research 12 (2011), 2825--2830.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. Henning Pohl and Roderick Murray-Smith. 2013. Focused and casual interactions: Allowing users to vary their level of engagement. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’13). ACM, New York, NY, 2223--2232. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2481307 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  28. Henning Pohl, Dennis Stanke, and Michael Rohs. 2016. EmojiZoom: Emoji entry via large overview maps. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services Companion (MobileHCI’16). DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2935334.2935382 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  29. Radim Řehůřek and Petr Sojka. 2010. Software framework for topic modelling with large corpora. In Proceedings of the LREC 2010 Workshop on New Challenges for NLP Frameworks. ELRA, Valetta, Malta, 45--50.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  30. Jared Suttles and Nancy Ide. 2013. Distant supervision for emotion classification with discrete binary values. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing (CICLing’13), Vol. 7817 LNCS. 121--136. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37256-8_11 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. C. C. Tappert, C. Y. Suen, and T. Wakahara. 1990. The state of the art in online handwriting recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 12, 8 (1990), 787--808. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.57669 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  32. Chad C. Tossell, Philip Kortum, Clayton Shepard, Laura H. Barg-Walkow, Ahmad Rahmati, and Lin Zhong. 2012. A longitudinal study of emoticon use in text messaging from smartphones. Computers in Human Behavior 28, 2 (2012), 659--663. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.012 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. Yuki Urabe, Rafal Rzepka, and Kenji Araki. 2013. Emoticon recommendation system for effective communication. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM’13). ACM, New York, NY, 1460--1461. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2492517.2492594 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  34. Laurens van der Maaten and Geoffrey Hinton. 2008. Visualizing data using t-SNE. Journal of Machine Learning Research 9 (2008), 2579--2605. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-011-0841-3 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  35. Leticia Vidal, Gastón Ares, and Sara R. Jaeger. 2015. Use of emoticon and emoji in tweets for food-related emotional expression. Food Quality and Preference 49 (2015), 119--128. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.12.002 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  36. Daryl Weir, Henning Pohl, Simon Rogers, Keith Vertanen, and Per Ola Kristensson. 2014. uncertain text entry on mobile devices. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’14). ACM, New York, NY, 2307--2316. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557412 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. Karl D. D. Willis and Ivan Poupyrev. 2010. 12Pixels: Exploring social drawing on mobile phones. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pervasive Computing (Pervasive’10). Springer, Berlin, 391--408. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12654-3_23 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  38. Shumin Zhai, Michael Hunter, and Barton A. Smith. 2000. The metropolis keyboard—An exploration of quantitative techniques for virtual keyboard design. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST’00). ACM, New York, NY, 119--128. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/354401.354424 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. Beyond Just Text: Semantic Emoji Similarity Modeling to Support Expressive Communication 👫📲😃

          Recommendations

          Comments

          Login options

          Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

          Sign in

          Full Access

          • Published in

            cover image ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
            ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction  Volume 24, Issue 1
            February 2017
            225 pages
            ISSN:1073-0516
            EISSN:1557-7325
            DOI:10.1145/3040973
            Issue’s Table of Contents

            Copyright © 2017 ACM

            Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

            Publisher

            Association for Computing Machinery

            New York, NY, United States

            Publication History

            • Published: 10 March 2017
            • Revised: 1 December 2016
            • Accepted: 1 December 2016
            • Received: 1 January 2016
            Published in tochi Volume 24, Issue 1

            Permissions

            Request permissions about this article.

            Request Permissions

            Check for updates

            Qualifiers

            • research-article
            • Research
            • Refereed

          PDF Format

          View or Download as a PDF file.

          PDF

          eReader

          View online with eReader.

          eReader