skip to main content
Genetic programming: a paradigm for genetically breeding populations of computer programs to solve problemsJune 1990
1990 Technical Report
Publisher:
  • Stanford University
  • 408 Panama Mall, Suite 217
  • Stanford
  • CA
  • United States
Published:01 June 1990
Bibliometrics
Skip Abstract Section
Abstract

Many seemingly different problems in artificial intelligence, symbolic processing, and machine learning can be viewed as requiring discovery of a computer program that produces some desired output for particular inputs. When viewed in this way, the process of solving these problems becomes equivalent to searching a space of possible computer programs for a most fit individual computer program. The new "genetic programming" paradigm described herein provides a way to search for this most fit individual computer program. In this new "genetic programming" paradigm, populations of computer programs are genetically bred using the Darwinian principle of survival of the fittest and using a genetic crossover (recombination) operator appropriate for genetically mating computer programs. In this paper, the process of formulating and solving problems using this new paradigm is illustrated using examples from various areas. Examples come from the areas of machine learning of a function; planning; sequence induction; function function identification (including symbolic regression, empirical discovery, "data to function" symbolic integration, "data to function" symbolic differentiation); solving equations, including differential equations, integral equations, and functional equations); concept formation; automatic programming; pattern recognition, time-optimal control; playing differential pursuer-evader games; neural network design; and finding a game-playing strategyfor a discrete game in extensive form.

Cited By

  1. ACM
    Kalkreuth R, Vašíček Z, Husa J, Vermetten D, Ye F and Bäck T Towards a General Boolean Function Benchmark Suite Proceedings of the Companion Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, (591-594)
  2. Mohammadi A, Nariman-zadeh N, Payan M and Jamali A (2023). Evaluation of the absolute forms of cost functions in optimization using a novel evolutionary algorithm, Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications, 27:22, (16843-16879), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2023.
  3. ACM
    Kalkreuth R, Vašíček Z, Husa J, Vermetten D, Ye F and Bäck T General Boolean Function Benchmark Suite Proceedings of the 17th ACM/SIGEVO Conference on Foundations of Genetic Algorithms, (84-95)
  4. Zhang F, Mei Y, Nguyen S and Zhang M (2021). Correlation Coefficient-Based Recombinative Guidance for Genetic Programming Hyperheuristics in Dynamic Flexible Job Shop Scheduling, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 25:3, (552-566), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2021.
  5. Cacique F and Pereira A Pattern searcher for decision making of trading agents using Genetic Algorithm 2020 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), (1-8)
  6. ACM
    Xue Y, Xue B and Zhang M (2019). Self-Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization for Large-Scale Feature Selection in Classification, ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data, 13:5, (1-27), Online publication date: 12-Oct-2019.
  7. Cuevas E, Reyna-Orta A and Díaz-Cortes M (2018). A Multimodal Optimization Algorithm Inspired by the States of Matter, Neural Processing Letters, 48:1, (517-556), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2018.
  8. Hughes J, Brown J, Khan A, Khattak A and Daley M Analysis of symbolic models of biometrie data and their use for action and user identification 2018 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CIBCB), (1-8)
  9. Yazdani S and Shanbehzadeh J (2015). Balanced Cartesian Genetic Programming via migration and opposition-based learning, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 16:2, (133-150), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2015.
  10. Mishra K, Tiwari S and Misra A (2014). Improved environmental adaption method and its application in test case generation, Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology, 27:5, (2305-2317), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2014.
  11. Kim K, Shan Y, Nguyen X and Mckay R (2014). Probabilistic model building in genetic programming, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 15:2, (115-167), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2014.
  12. KröMer P, Owais S, Platoš J and SnášEl V (2013). Towards new directions of data mining by evolutionary fuzzy rules and symbolic regression, Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 66:2, (190-200), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2013.
  13. Trajkovski I Parallel Genetic Algorithm for Creation of Sort Algorithms Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computational Collective Intelligence. Technologies and Applications - Volume 8083, (367-376)
  14. ACM
    Fitzgerald J, Azad R and Ryan C A bootstrapping approach to reduce over-fitting in genetic programming Proceedings of the 15th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation, (1113-1120)
  15. ACM
    Benala T, Dehuri S and Mall R (2012). Computational intelligence in software cost estimation, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 37:3, (1-7), Online publication date: 16-May-2012.
  16. ACM
    Mukundan J, Ghose S, Karmazin R, Ípek E and Martínez J Overcoming single-thread performance hurdles in the core fusion reconfigurable multicore architecture Proceedings of the 26th ACM international conference on Supercomputing, (101-110)
  17. ACM
    Kromer P, Prokop L, Snasel V, Misak S, Platos J and Abraham A Evolutionary prediction of photovoltaic power plant energy production Proceedings of the 14th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation, (35-42)
  18. Sossa H, Garro B, Villegas J, Avilés C and Olague G Automatic design of artificial neural networks and associative memories for pattern classification and pattern restoration Proceedings of the 4th Mexican conference on Pattern Recognition, (23-34)
  19. ACM
    Spector L, Harrington K and Helmuth T Tag-based modularity in tree-based genetic programming Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, (815-822)
  20. White S, Martinez T and Rudolph G (2012). Reinforcement Programming, Computational Intelligence, 28:2, (176-208), Online publication date: 1-May-2012.
  21. Davies M and Callaghan V (2012). iWorlds: Generating artificial control systems for simulated humans using virtual worlds and intelligent environments, Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments, 4:1, (5-27), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2012.
  22. Platos J and Kromer P Improving evolved alphabet using tabu set Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Hybrid Artificial Intelligent Systems - Volume Part I, (655-666)
  23. ACM
    Spector L, Martin B, Harrington K and Helmuth T Tag-based modules in genetic programming Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, (1419-1426)
  24. Yampolskiy R and EL-Barkouky A (2011). Wisdom of artificial crowds algorithm for solving NP-hard problems, International Journal of Bio-Inspired Computation, 3:6, (358-369), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2011.
  25. Snášel V, Dvorský J, Ochodková E, Krömer P, Platoš J and Abraham A Genetic algorithms evolving quasigroups with good pseudorandom properties Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part III, (472-482)
  26. Karaboga D and Akay B (2009). A comparative study of Artificial Bee Colony algorithm, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 214:1, (108-132), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2009.
  27. Riekert M, Malan K and Engelbrect A Adaptive genetic programming for dynamic classification problems Proceedings of the Eleventh conference on Congress on Evolutionary Computation, (674-681)
  28. Koza J (2008). Human-competitive machine invention by means of genetic programming, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 22:3, (185-193), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008.
  29. Koza J, Al-sakran S and Jones L (2008). Automated ab initio synthesis of complete designs of four patented optical lens systems by means of genetic programming, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 22:3, (249-273), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008.
  30. ACM
    Nogueira Y, Vidal C and Cavalcante-Neto J A nervous system model for direct dynamics animation control based on evolutionary computation Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing, (1793-1800)
  31. Nunes L and Oliveira E (2008). Communication during learning in heterogeneous teams of learning agents, Intelligent Decision Technologies, 2:3, (153-166), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008.
  32. Chen J, Chang C, Hou J and Lin Y (2008). Dynamic proportion portfolio insurance using genetic programming with principal component analysis, Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal, 35:1-2, (273-278), Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.
  33. NourAshrafoddin N, Vahdat A and Ebadzadeh M Automatic design of modular neural networks using genetic programming Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Artificial neural networks, (788-798)
  34. Burgin M and Calude C (2007). Preface, Theoretical Computer Science, 383:2-3, (111-114), Online publication date: 3-Sep-2007.
  35. ACM
    Williams N and Mitchell M Investigating the success of spatial coevolution Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, (523-530)
  36. ACM
    Gallini A, Ferretti C and Mauri G Bio Molecular Engine Proceedings of the 7th annual workshop on Genetic and evolutionary computation, (249-256)
  37. ACM
    Spector L, Klein J and Keijzer M The Push3 execution stack and the evolution of control Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation, (1689-1696)
  38. Manrique D, Márquez F, Ríos J and Rodríguez-Patón A Grammar based crossover operator in genetic programming Proceedings of the First international work-conference on the Interplay Between Natural and Artificial Computation conference on Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Engineering Applications: a bioinspired approach - Volume Part II, (252-261)
  39. Hutt B and Warwick K Synapsing variable length crossover Proceedings of the 8th European conference on Advances in Artificial Life, (926-935)
  40. Keijzer M, Ryan C, Murphy G and Cattolico M Undirected training of run transferable libraries Proceedings of the 8th European conference on Genetic Programming, (361-370)
  41. Parkins A and Nandi A (2004). Genetic programming techniques for hand written digit recognition, Signal Processing, 84:12, (2345-2365), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2004.
  42. Koza J, Keane M, Streeter M, Adams T and Jones L (2004). Invention and creativity in automated design by means of genetic programming, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 18:3, (245-269), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2004.
  43. Bergey P, Ragsdale C and Hoskote M (2003). A decision support system for the electrical power districting problem, Decision Support Systems, 36:1, (1-17), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2003.
  44. Berthold M and Hand D References Intelligent data analysis, (475-500)
  45. Turner H An introduction to methods for simulating the evolution of language Simulating the evolution of language, (29-50)
  46. O'Reilly U Investigating the generality of automatically defined functions Proceedings of the 1st annual conference on genetic programming, (351-356)
  47. ACM
    Biron P and Kraft D New methods for relevance feedback Proceedings of the 1995 ACM symposium on Applied computing, (482-487)
  48. Sikora R (1992). Learning Control Strategies for Chemical Processes, IEEE Expert: Intelligent Systems and Their Applications, 7:3, (35-43), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1992.
  49. ACM
    Sims K Artificial evolution for computer graphics Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, (319-328)
  50. ACM
    Sims K (1991). Artificial evolution for computer graphics, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 25:4, (319-328), Online publication date: 2-Jul-1991.
  51. IEEE Expert staff (1991). News, IEEE Expert: Intelligent Systems and Their Applications, 6:1, (52-61), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1991.
  52. Hughes J, Brown J and Khan A Smartphone gait fingerprinting models via genetic programming 2016 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), (408-415)
  53. Kromer P, Matej Z, Musilek P, Prenosil V and Cvachovec F Neutron-Gamma Classification by Evolutionary Fuzzy Rules and Support Vector Machines 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, (2638-2642)
Contributors
  • Stanford University

Recommendations