Python reference manualApril 1995
- Author:
- Guido Rossum
Skip Abstract Section
Abstract
Python is a simple, yet powerful, interpreted programming language that bridges the gap between C and shell programming, and is thus ideally suited for ``throw-away programming'''' and rapid prototyping. Its syntax is put together from constructs borrowed from a variety of other languages; most prominent are influences from ABC, C, Modula-3 and Icon. The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C. Python is also suitable as an extension language for highly customizable C applications such as editors or window managers. Python is available for various operating systems, amongst which several flavors of UNIX (including Linux), the Apple Macintosh O.S., MS-DOS, MS-Windows 3.1, Windows NT, and OS/2. This reference manual describes the syntax and ``core semantics'''' of the language. It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. The semantics of non-essential built-in object types and of the built-in functions and modules are described in the Python Library Reference. For an informal introduction to the language, see the Python Tutorial.
Cited By
Bhowmick R, Indra R, Ganguli I, Paul J and Sil J (2023). Breaking Captcha System with Minimal Exertion through Deep Learning: Real-time Risk Assessment on Indian Government Websites, Digital Threats: Research and Practice, 4:2, (1-24), Online publication date: 30-Jun-2023.- Riaño‐Briceño G, Sela L and Hodges B (2021). Distributed and vectorized method of characteristics for fast transient simulations in water distribution systems, Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 37:2, (163-184), Online publication date: 4-Jan-2022.
- Shahi T, Sitaula C, Paudel N and G T (2022). A Hybrid Feature Extraction Method for Nepali COVID-19-Related Tweets Classification, Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022, Online publication date: 1-Jan-2022.
- Dyvak M, Melnyk A, Rot A, Hernes M, Pukas A and Murari A (2022). Ontology of Mathematical Modeling Based on Interval Data, Complexity, 2022, Online publication date: 1-Jan-2022.
- Jost T, Durand Y, Fabre C, Cohen A and Pétrot F Seamless compiler integration of variable precision floating-point arithmetic Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization, (65-76)
- Hossain S, Couturier R, Rusk J and Kent K Automatic event categorizer for SIEM Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, (104-112)
- Li K, de Gusmão P, Beutel D and Lane N Secure aggregation for federated learning in flower Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Workshop on Distributed Machine Learning, (8-14)
- Gevorkyan M, Korol’kova A and Kulyabov D (2021). Using a Template Engine as a Computer Algebra Tool, Programming and Computing Software, 47:1, (17-24), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2021.
- Putatunda S (2020). Care2Vec: a hybrid autoencoder-based approach for the classification of self-care problems in physically disabled children, Neural Computing and Applications, 32:23, (17669-17680), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2020.
- Henning J, Stangl D, Niephaus F, Kruck B and Hirschfeld R Hot Code Patching in CPython Proceedings of the 14th Workshop on Implementation, Compilation, Optimization of Object-Oriented Languages, Programs and Systems, (1-7)
- Chung S Provably correct posit arithmetic with fixed-point big integer Proceedings of the Conference for Next Generation Arithmetic, (1-10)
- Lim H and Estuar M Microscopic Fusarium Detection and Verification with Convolutional Neural Networks Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Machine Learning Technologies, (48-52)
- Carneiro N, Figueira G and Costa M (2017). A data mining based system for credit-card fraud detection in e-tail, Decision Support Systems, 95:C, (91-101), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2017.
- MacLean C, Leong H and Enos J Improving the Start-Up Time of Python Applications on Large Scale HPC Systems Proceedings of the HPC Systems Professionals Workshop, (1-8)
- Zolan A, Hasenbein J and Morton D Optimizing the design of a latin hypercube sampling estimator Proceedings of the 2017 Winter Simulation Conference, (1-12)
- Amos B, Xu L and Kolter J Input convex neural networks Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning - Volume 70, (146-155)
- Spieker H, Gotlieb A, Marijan D and Mossige M Reinforcement learning for automatic test case prioritization and selection in continuous integration Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis, (12-22)
- Honsel V, Herbold S and Grabowski J Hidden Markov Models for the Prediction of Developer Involvement Dynamics and Workload Proceedings of the The 12th International Conference on Predictive Models and Data Analytics in Software Engineering, (1-10)
- Ayachit U, Bauer A, Geveci B, O'Leary P, Moreland K, Fabian N and Mauldin J ParaView Catalyst Proceedings of the First Workshop on In Situ Infrastructures for Enabling Extreme-Scale Analysis and Visualization, (25-29)
- Weiher M and Hirschfeld R (2013). Polymorphic identifiers, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 49:2, (61-72), Online publication date: 5-Feb-2014.
- Cruz F, Rocha R and Goldstein S Design and Implementation of a Multithreaded Virtual Machine for Executing Linear Logic Programs Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Principles and Practice of Declarative Programming, (43-54)
- Mossige M, Gotlieb A and Meling H Testing Robotized Paint System Using Constraint Programming Proceedings of the 26th IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference on Testing Software and Systems - Volume 8763, (145-160)
- Wagner A, Barbosa J and Barbosa D (2014). A model for profile management applied to ubiquitous learning environments, Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal, 41:4, (2023-2034), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2014.
- Weiher M and Hirschfeld R Polymorphic identifiers Proceedings of the 9th symposium on Dynamic languages, (61-72)
- Malchiodi D (2009). An experimental analysis of the impact of accuracy degradation in SVM classification, International Journal of Computational Intelligence Studies, 1:2, (163-190), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2009.
- Warth A and Piumarta I OMeta Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on Dynamic languages, (11-19)
- Hudak P, Hughes J, Peyton Jones S and Wadler P A history of Haskell Proceedings of the third ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages, (12-1-12-55)
- Joyner M, Chamberlain B and Deitz S Iterators in chapel Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Parallel and distributed processing, (226-226)
- van Dooren M and Steegmans E Combining the robustness of checked exceptions with the flexibility of unchecked exceptions using anchored exception declarations Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications, (455-471)
- van Dooren M and Steegmans E (2005). Combining the robustness of checked exceptions with the flexibility of unchecked exceptions using anchored exception declarations, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 40:10, (455-471), Online publication date: 12-Oct-2005.
- Wan K and Alagar V An intensional programming approach to multi-agent coordination in a distributed network of agents Proceedings of the Third international conference on Declarative Agent Languages and Technologies, (205-222)
- Zdun U (2004). Supporting incremental and experimental software evolution by runtime method transformations, Science of Computer Programming, 52:1-3, (131-163), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2004.
- Jacob J A rule markup language and its application to UML Proceedings of the First international conference on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, (26-41)
- Ortín F and Cueva J (2002). Implementing a real computational-environment jump in order to develop a runtime-adaptable reflective platform, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 37:8, (35-44), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2002.