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A programming languageJanuary 1962
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Abstract
From the Preface
Applied mathematics is largely concerned with the design and analysis of explicit procedures for calculating the exact or approximate values of various functions. Such explicit procedures are called algorithms or programs. Because an effective notation for the description of programs exhibits considerable syntactic structure, it is called a programming language.
Much of applied mathematics, particularly the more recent computer-related areas which cut across the older disciplines, suffers from the lack of an adequate programming language. It is the central thesis of this book that the descriptive and analytic power of an adequate programming language amply repays the considerable effort required for its mastery. This thesis is developed by first presenting the entire language and then applying it in later chapters to several major topics.
The areas of application are chosen primarily for their intrinsic interest and lack of previous treatment, but they are also designed to illustrate the universality and other facets of the language. For example, the microprogramming of Chapter 2 illustrates the divisibility of the language, i.e., the ability to treat a restricted area using only a small portion of the complete language. Chapter 6 (Sorting) shows its capacity to compass a relatively complex and detailed topic in a short space. Chapter 7 (The Logical Calculus) emphasizes the formal manipulability of the language and its utility in theoretical work.
The material was developed largely in a graduate course given for several years at Harvard and in a later course presented repeatedly at the IBM Systems Research Institute in New York. It should prove suitable for a two-semester course at the senior or graduate level. Although for certain audiences an initial presentation of the entire language may be appropriate, I have found it helpful to motivate the development by presenting the minimum notation required for a given topic, proceeding to its treatment (e.g., microprogramming), and then returning to further notation. The 130-odd problems not only provide the necessary finger exercises but also develop results of general interest.
Chapter 1 or some part of it is prerequisite to each of the remaining "applications" chapters, but the applications chapters are virtually independent of one another. A complete appreciation of search techniques (Chapter 4) does, however, require a knowledge of methods of representation (Chapter 3). The cross references which do occur in the applications chapters are either nonessential or are specific to a given figure, table, or program. The entire language presented in Chapter 1 is summarized for reference at the end of the book.
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- Steele G and Hillis W Connection Machine Lisp Proceedings of the 1986 ACM conference on LISP and functional programming, (279-297)
- Berry P Integrating ordinary type and many languages with the APL alphabet and keyboard Proceedings of the international conference on APL: APL and the future, (68-76)
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- Ruehr K (1982). A survey of extensions to APL, ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad, 13:1, (277-314), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1982.
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- Hankin C and Glaser H (1981). The data flow programming language CAJOLE - an informal introduction, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 16:7, (35-44), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1981.
- Baba T and Hagiwara H (1981). The MPG System, IEEE Transactions on Computers, 30:6, (373-395), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1981.
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- Ormancioglu L An information base for procedure independent design of information systems Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1980, national computer conference, (817-821)
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- Moffat D (1980). An ASL dictionary in APL, ACM SIGLASH Newsletter, 13:1, (2-20), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1980.
- Wright W An empirical evaluation of algorithms for dynamically maintaining binary search trees Proceedings of the ACM 1980 annual conference, (505-515)
- Martin J FAD, a functional programming language that supports abstract data types Proceedings of the ACM 1980 annual conference, (247-262)
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- Rau B (1978). Levels of representation of programs and the architecture of universal host machines, ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter, 9:4, (67-79), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1978.
- Rau B Levels of representation of programs and the architecture of universal host machines Proceedings of the 11th annual workshop on Microprogramming, (67-79)
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- Backus J (1978). Can programming be liberated from the von Neumann style?, Communications of the ACM, 21:8, (613-641), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1978.
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- Atkins D A suggested approach to computer arithmetic for designers of multi-valued logic processors Proceedings of the eighth international symposium on Multiple-valued logic, (33-46)
- Williams M Yet another conversational programming language - BPL Proceedings of the 1978 annual conference - Volume 2, (516-521)
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- Schober F and Spielberg K APL Econometric Planning Language (EPLAN) Proceedings of the eighth international conference on APL, (359-387)
- Ganapathy I and Hobson R GPMS, a general purpose memory management system—user's memory—that is. Proceedings of the eighth international conference on APL, (155-165)
- Peelle H (1976). Encoding gray codes in APL, ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad, 7:3, (17-24), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1976.
- Kaplow R and Molnar M (1976). A computer-terminal, hardware/software system with enhanced user input capabilities, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 10:2, (116-124), Online publication date: 1-Aug-1976.
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- Cohen D and Liu M (1976). Bridging the gap between principles and practices in microprogramming, ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter, 7:2, (43-60), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1976.
- Peelle H (1976). Learning mathematics with recursive computer programs, ACM SIGCUE Outlook, 10:SI, (116-130), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1976.
- Peelle H (1976). Learning mathematics with recursive computer programs, ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 8:1, (116-130), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1976.
- Peelle H Learning mathematics with recursive computer programs Proceedings of the ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE technical symposium on Computer science and education, (116-130)
- Thomasian A and Avizienis A A design study of a shared resource computing system Proceedings of the 3rd annual symposium on Computer architecture, (105-112)
- Moalla M, Saucier G, Sifakis J and Zachariades M A design tool for the multilevel description and simulation of systems of interconnected modules Proceedings of the 3rd annual symposium on Computer architecture, (20-27)
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- Moalla M, Saucier G, Sifakis J and Zachariades M (1976). A design tool for the multilevel description and simulation of systems of interconnected modules, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, 4:4, (20-27), Online publication date: 17-Jan-1976.
- Wegbreit B Goal-directed program transformation Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles on programming languages, (153-170)
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- Patterson D The design of a system for the synthesis of correct microprograms Proceedings of the 8th annual workshop on Microprogramming, (13-17)
- Fisher D Simulators and assemblers for minicomputers Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on Simulation of computer systems, (55-59)
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- Andronico A, Leoni G and Luciani E A portable APL translator Proceedings of seventh international conference on APL, (20-25)
- Abrams P What's wrong with APL? Proceedings of seventh international conference on APL, (1-8)
- Falkoff A and Iverson K (1975). The design of APL, ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad, 6:1, (5-14), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1975.
- Donegan M and Kartzke S (1975). Lexical analysis and parsing techniques for a vector machine, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 10:3, (138-145), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1975.
- Zwakenberg R (1975). Vector extensions to LRLTRAN, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 10:3, (77-86), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1975.
- Basili V and Knight J (1975). A language design for vector machines, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 10:3, (39-43), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1975.
- Barbacci M (1975). A Comparison of Register Transfer Languages for Describing Computers and Digital Systems, IEEE Transactions on Computers, 24:2, (137-150), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1975.
- Elliott P and Peelle H (1975). Computer augmented teacher training, ACM SIGCUE Outlook, 9:SI, (19-30), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1975.
- Donegan M and Kartzke S Lexical analysis and parsing techniques for a vector machine Proceedings of the conference on Programming languages and compilers for parallel and vector machines, (138-145)
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- Mallett P and Lewis T Approaches to design of high level languages for microprogramming Conference record of the 7th annual workshop on Microprogramming, (66-73)
- Giloi W and Encarnacao J APLG-An APL based system for interactive computer graphics Proceedings of the May 6-10, 1974, national computer conference and exposition, (521-528)
- Purcell C The control data STAR-100 Proceedings of the May 6-10, 1974, national computer conference and exposition, (385-387)
- Levy S, Doyle R and Heller R APL as a development tool for special-purpose processors Proceedings of the May 6-10, 1974, national computer conference and exposition, (279-284)
- Goldsmith C (1974). The design of a procedureless programming language, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 9:4, (13-24), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1974.
- Goldsmith C The design of a procedureless programming language Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Very high level languages, (13-24)
- Folinus J, Madnick S and Schutzman H (1974). Virtual information in data-base systems, ACM SIGMOD Record, 6:2, (1-15), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1974.
- Konstam A and Howland J (1974). APL as a lingua franca in the computer science curriculum, ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 6:1, (21-27), Online publication date: 1-Feb-1974.
- D'Dell M and Thompson J APL\XAD Proceedings of the sixth international conference on APL, (405-413)
- Juran W, Moore C, Orndorff C and Rice L The PCS APL shared file system Proceedings of the sixth international conference on APL, (354-363)
- Grant C, Greenberg M and Redell D A computer system providing microcoded APL Proceedings of the sixth international conference on APL, (173-179)
- Crayton J APL unary matrix operators as represented by the eighth order Dihedral group Proceedings of the sixth international conference on APL, (112-116)
- Konstam A and Howland J APL as a lingua franca in the computer science curriculum Proceedings of the fourth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education, (21-27)
- Noonan R Dynamic algebra Proceedings of the 1974 annual conference - Volume 1, (326-334)
- Lipovski G (1973). A varistructured fail-soft cellular computer, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, 2:4, (161-165), Online publication date: 17-Dec-1973.
- Omohundro W and Tracey J (1973). Flowware—a flow charting procedure to describe digital networks, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, 2:4, (91-97), Online publication date: 17-Dec-1973.
- Jordan H and Smith B (1973). Structure of digital system description languages, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, 2:4, (31-34), Online publication date: 17-Dec-1973.
- Lipovski G A varistructured fail-soft cellular computer Proceedings of the 1st annual symposium on Computer architecture, (161-165)
- Omohundro W and Tracey J Flowware—a flow charting procedure to describe digital networks Proceedings of the 1st annual symposium on Computer architecture, (91-97)
- Jordan H and Smith B Structure of digital system description languages Proceedings of the 1st annual symposium on Computer architecture, (31-34)
- Couger J (1973). Curriculum recommendations for undergraduate programs in information systems, Communications of the ACM, 16:12, (727-749), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1973.
- Schutte L A report on the value of some advanced high level language operators on current sequential computers Proceedings of a symposium on High-level-language computer architecture, (117-123)
- Schutte L A report on the value of some advanced high level language operators on current sequential computers Proceedings of the ACM-IEEE symposium on High-level-language computer architecture, (117-123)
- Schutte L (1973). A report on the value of some advanced high level language operators on current sequential computers, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 8:11, (117-123), Online publication date: 1-Nov-1973.
- Zosel M A parallel approach to compilation Proceedings of the 1st annual ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles of programming languages, (59-70)
- Noguez G Design of a microprogramming language Conference record of the 6th annual workshop on Microprogramming, (145-155)
- Hassitt A, Lageschulte J and Lyon L (1973). Implementation of a high level language machine, Communications of the ACM, 16:4, (199-212), Online publication date: 1-Apr-1973.
- Engel G (1973). A computer science course program for small colleges, Communications of the ACM, 16:3, (139-147), Online publication date: 1-Mar-1973.
- Teichroew D A survey of languages for stating requirements for computer-based information systems Proceedings of the December 5-7, 1972, fall joint computer conference, part II, (1203-1224)
- Bauer W and Rosenberg A Software Proceedings of the December 5-7, 1972, fall joint computer conference, part II, (993-1007)
- Bayer R and Witzgall C (1972). Index ranges for matrix calculi, Communications of the ACM, 15:12, (1033-1039), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1972.
- Phillips J and Adams H (1972). Dynamic partitioning for array languages, Communications of the ACM, 15:12, (1023-1032), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1972.
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- Peterson T and Shields R Computer-aided schema for instructional gaming Proceedings of the ACM annual conference - Volume 1, (330-343)
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Index Terms
- A programming language
Recommendations
Experiences with a simple structured programming language
SIGCSE '74: Proceedings of the fourth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science educationA great deal of interest has developed in structured programming [Dahl, Dijkstra, and Hoare, 1972] during the past few years. This paper is concerned with some experiences obtained in the use of a structured programming language in the computer science ...
Experiences with a simple structured programming language
Proceedings of the 4th SIGCSE symposium on Computer science educationA great deal of interest has developed in structured programming [Dahl, Dijkstra, and Hoare, 1972] during the past few years. This paper is concerned with some experiences obtained in the use of a structured programming language in the computer science ...