ABSTRACT
Handheld computers are mobile, flexible devices that can provide real-time, one-to-one support for students from within the context of their learning activities. This paper describes the design of three learner-centered handheld tools used as part of a nine-month classroom study involving thirty-three eighth grade students. A review of related work identifies some of the challenges of building educational software within the constraints of handheld screens, and two broad design guidelines are synthesized to help address these challenges. The first design guideline focuses on decomposing the learning activity to identify salient tasks and the type of supports (or scaffolds) students need to engage in these tasks, then building separate handheld workspaces to support each task. The second guideline focuses on methods for implementing scaffolds within these task-based workspaces while preserving the usability of the overall handheld software.
- Ananny, M. Supporting Children's Collaborative Authoring: Practicing Written Literacy While Composing Oral Texts. in Proceedings of CSCL 2002, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 2002, 595--596. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bergman, E. (ed.), Information Appliances and Beyond. Morgan Kaufmann, New York, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bransford, J.L., Brown, A.L. and Cocking, R.R. (eds.). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School (Expanded Edition). National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2000.Google Scholar
- Danesh, A., Inkpen, K., Lau, F., Shu, K. and Booth, K. Geney: Designing a Collaborative Activity for the Palm Handheld Computer. in Proceedings of CHI 2001, ACM, New York, NY, 2001, 388--395. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Davis, E.A. and Linn, M.C. Scaffolding Students' Knowledge Integration: Prompts for Reflection in KIE. International Journal of Science Education, 22 (8). 819--837.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Davis, S.M. Research to Industry: Four Years of Observations in Classrooms Using a Network of Handheld Devices. in Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Wireless and Mobile Technologies in Education, IEEE Computer Society, Piscataway, NJ, 2002, 31--38. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Golan, R., Kyza, E., Reiser, B.J. and Edelson, D., Scaffolding the Task of Analyzing Animal Behavior with the Animal Landlord Software. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), (New Orleans, 2002).Google Scholar
- Gonzalez-Castano, F.J., Anido-Rifon, L. and Costa-Montenegro, E. A New Transcoding Technique for PDA Browsers, Based on Content Hierarchy. in Paterno, F. ed. in Proceedings of the Mobile HCI 2002, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002, 69--80. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jones, M., Buchanan, G. and Thimbleby, H. Sorting Out Searching on Small Screen Devices. in Paterno, F. ed. in Proceedings of Mobile HCI 2002, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2002, 81--94. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jul, S. "This is a lot easier!": Constrained Movement Speeds Navigation. in Extended Abstracts of CHI 2003, ACM Press, New York, 2003, 776--777. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Luchini, K., Quintana, C., Krajcik, J. and Soloway, E. Designing Learner-Centered Scaffolded Tools for Handheld Computers. in Proceedings of ICLS 2002, Seattle, WA, 2002, 268--275.Google Scholar
- Luchini, K., Quintana, C. and Soloway, E. Pocket PiCoMap: A Case Study in Designing and Assessing a Handheld Concept Mapping Tool for Learners. in Proceedings of CHI 2003, ACM, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 2003, 321--328. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Metcalf, S.J., Krajcik, J. and Soloway, E. Model-It: A Design Retrospective. in Jacobson, M.J. and Kozma, R.B. eds. Innovations in Science and Mathematics Education: Advanced Design for Technologies of Learning, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey, 2000, 77--115.Google Scholar
- Moher, T., Ding, X., Wiley, J., Conmy, D., Hussain, S., Singh, P. and Srinivasan, V. Combining Handhelds with a Whole-Class Display to Support the Learning of Scientific Control. in Extended Abstracts of CHI 2003, ACM, 2003, 882--883. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Norman, D.A. and Draper, S.W. (eds.). User Centered System Design. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1986.Google Scholar
- Novak, J. and Gowin, D.B. Learning how to learn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Quintana, C., Krajcik, J. and Soloway, E. Issues and Approaches for Developing Learner-Centered Technology. Advances in Computers, 57. 271--321.Google Scholar
- Quintana, C., Reiser, B., Davis, E., Krajcik, J., Golan, R., Kyza, E., Edelson, D. and Soloway, E. Evolving a Scaffolding Design Framework for Designing Educational Software. in Proceedings of ICLS 2002, Seattle, WA, 2002, 359--366.Google Scholar
- Salomon, G., Perkins, D.N. and Globerson, T. Partners in cognition: Extending human intelligence with intelligent technologies. Educational Researcher, 20. 2--9.Google Scholar
- Shoemaker, P.B. Designing Interfaces for Handheld Computers. in Proceedings of CHI 1999, ACM, New York, 1999, 126--127. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wallace, R., Soloway, E., Krajcik, J., Bos, N., Hoffman, J., Hunter, H.E., Kiskis, D., Klann, E., Peters, G., Richardson, D. and Ronen, O. ARTEMIS: Learner-Centered Design of an Information Seeking Environment for K-12 Education. in Proceedings of CHI 1998, ACM, Los Angeles, 1998, 195--202. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yee, K.-P. Peephole displays: pen interaction on spatially aware handheld computers. in Proceedings of CHI 2003, ACM Press, New York, 2003, 1--8. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
Design guidelines for learner-centered handheld tools
Recommendations
Learning theory in practice: case studies of learner-centered design
CHI '96: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsEvaluation criteria for scaffolding in learner-centered tools
CHI EA '00: CHI '00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing SystemsLearner-centered design (LCD) is a design approach for developing software that supports learners (i.e., work novices) to do and learn new work tasks. For our LCD process, we are focusing on evaluating scaffolding, i.e., features that support the doing (...
Comments