ABSTRACT
In this study, we examine how geographic distance affects collaboration using computer-mediated communication technology. We investigated experimentally the effects of cooperating partners being in the same or distant city on three behaviors: cooperation, persuasion, and deception using video conferencing and instant messaging (IM). Our results indicate that subjects are more likely to deceive, be less persuaded by, and initially cooperate less, with someone they believe is in a distant city, as opposed to in the same city as them. Although people initially cooperate less with someone they believe is far away, their willingness to cooperate increases quickly with interaction. Since the same media were used in both the far and near city conditions, these effects cannot be attributed to the media, but rather to social differences. This study confirms how CSCW needs to be concerned with developing technologies for bridging social distance, as well as geographic distance.
- Allen, T. J. (1977). Managing the Flow of Technology. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Booth-Kewley, S., Edwards, J. E., & Rosenfeld, P. (1992). Impression management, social desirability and computer administration of attitude questionnaires: Does the computer make a difference? Applied Psychology, 77(4), 562--566.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Bradner, E., & Mark, G. (2001). Social Presence in Video and Application Sharing. In Proceedings of Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP '01), Boulder, Colorado, 154--161. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Finholt, T. A., & Olson, G. M. (1997). From laboratories to collaboratories: A new organizational form for scientific collaboration. Psychological Science, 8(1), 28--35.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hall, E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension. (1st ed.). Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.Google Scholar
- Herbsleb, J. D., Klein, H., Olson, G. M., Brunner, H., Olson, J. S., & Harding, J. (1995). Object-oriented analysis and design in software project teams. Human-Computer Interaction, 10 (2/3), 249--292. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jarvenpaa, S., & Leidner, D. (1998). Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(4).Google Scholar
- Jensen, C., Garnham, S., Drucker, S., & Kollock, P. (2000). The Effect of Communication Modality on Cooperation in Online Environments. In Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '00), The Hague, Netherlands, 470--477. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jones, S. E. (1995). CyberSociety 2.0 : revisiting computer-mediated communication and community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kiesler, S., & Sproull, L. (1991). Group decision making and communication technology. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 52(1), 96--123.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kraut, R. E., Egido, C., & Galegher, J. (1990). Patterns of Contact and Communication in Scientific Research Collaboration. In J. Galegher & R. E. Kraut (Eds.), Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 149--172. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lafferty, J. C., Eady, P. M., & Elmers, J. (1974). The Desert Survival Problem. Plymouth, Michigan. Experimental Learning Methods.Google Scholar
- Latané, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36(4), 343--356.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Latané, B., Liu, J. H., Nowak, A., Bonevento, M., & Zheng, L. (1995). Distance Matters: Physical Space and Social Impact. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(8), 795--805.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lea, M., & Spears, R. (1991). Computer-mediated communication, de-individuation and group decision-making. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 34(2), 283--301. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mark, G., Grudin, J., & Poltrock, S. (1999). Meeting at the Desktop: An Empirical Study of Virtually Collocated Teams. In Proceedings of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '99), Copenhagen, Denmark, 159--178. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Moon, Y. (1998). The Effects of Distance in Local versus Remote Human-Computer Interaction. In Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '98), Los Angeles, CA, 103--108. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Moon, Y. (1998). Impression Management in Computer-Based Interviews: The Effects of Input Modality, Output Modality, and Distance. Public Opinion Quarterly, 62(4), 610--622.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Moon, Y. (1999). The Effects of Physical Distance and Response Latency on Persuasion in Computer-Mediated Communication and Human-Computer Communication. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 5(4), 379--392. http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nahemow, L., & Lawton, M. P. (1975). Similarity and Propinquity in Friendship Formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 205--213.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nardi, B., Whittaker, S., & Bradner, E. (2000). Interaction and Outeraction: Instant Messaging in Action. In Proceedings of Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Seattle, Washington, 79--88. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Newcomb, T., M. (1961). The Acquaintance Process. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
- Olson, G. M., & Olson, J. S. (2000). Distance Matters. Human-Computer Interaction, 15(2/3), 139--178. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Olson, J., Olson, G., & Meader, D. (1995). What mix of video and audio is useful for small groups doing remote real-time design work? In Proceedings of Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'95), Denver, CO, 362--368. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Parise, S., Kiesler, S., Sproull, L., & Waters, K. (1996). My Partner is a Real Dog: Cooperation with Social Agents. In Proceedings of CSCW'96, Boston, MA, 399--408. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component model of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(3), 598--609.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Poster, M. (1995). The Second Media Age. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.Google Scholar
- Sellen, A. J. (1995). Remote conversations: The effects of mediating talk with technology. Human-Computer Interaction, 10(4), 401--444. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sensenig, J., & Reed, T. (1972). Cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma as a function of interpersonal distance. Psychonomic Science, 26(2), 105--106.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sommer, R. (1969). Personal space: The behavioral basis of design. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
- Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1991). Connections: New Ways of Working in the Networked Organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between social groups : studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Why distance matters: effects on cooperation, persuasion and deception
Recommendations
Trust without touch: jumpstarting long-distance trust with initial social activities
CHI '02: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsComputer-mediated communication (CMC) is thought to be inadequate when one needs to establish trust. If, however, people meet before using CMC, they trust each other, trust being established through touch. Here we show that if participants do not meet ...
Trust without touch: jump-start trust with social chat
CHI EA '01: CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing SystemsComputer-mediated communication (CMC) is thought to be inadequate when one needs to establish trust. Rocco [4] found, for example, that discussions about agreements conducted over email were far less successful in engendering trust than those conducted ...
A Classification Method for CSCW Systems
Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) is a research field where the role played by individuals as members of groups is fundamental. The human being is not considered as an individual entity, but it is considered as a being embedded into the society,...
Comments