skip to main content
10.1145/2957276.2957280acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesgroupConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Machine Learning and Grounded Theory Method: Convergence, Divergence, and Combination

Published:13 November 2016Publication History

ABSTRACT

Grounded Theory Method (GTM) and Machine Learning (ML) are often considered to be quite different. In this note, we explore unexpected convergences between these methods. We propose new research directions that can further clarify the relationships between these methods, and that can use those relationships to strengthen our ability to describe our phenomena and develop stronger hybrid theories.

References

  1. Chee Siang Ang, Ania Bobrowicz, Diane J. Schiano, and Bonnie Nardi (2013). Data in the wild: Some reflections. Interactions 20(2), 39--43. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. Ofer Arazy, Henry Brausen, David Turner, Adam Balila, Eleni Stroulia, and Joel Lanir (2015). coDNA: Visualizing peer production processes. CSCW 2015 Companion, 5--8. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  3. Ohad Barzilay, Orit Hazzan, and Amiram Yehudai (2009). Characterizing example embedding as a software activity. Proc. SUITE 2009, 5--8. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. Eric P.S. Baumer, Elisha Elovic, Ying "Crystal" Qin, Francesca Polletta, and Geri K. Gay (2015). Testing and comparing computational approaches for identifying the language of framing in political news. Proc NAACL 2015, 1472--1482.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. Eric P. S. Baumer, Shion Guha, Emily Quan, David Mimno, and Geri K. Gay (2015). How social media non-use influences the likelihood of reversion: Perceived addiction, boundary negotiation, subjective mood, and social connections. Social Media + Society 1(2),.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  6. Eric P.S. Baumer, David Mimno, Shion Guha, Emily Quan, and Geri Gay (2016). Comparing grounded theory and topicmodeling: Extreme divergence or unlikely convergence? JASIST, in revision.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  7. Christopher M Bishop (2006). Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Springer, NY, NY, USA. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  8. Cameron Blevins (2010). Topic modeling Martha Ballard's diary. Cameron Blevins (blog), 1 April 2010, http://www.cameronblevins.org/posts/topic-modelingmartha-ballards-diary/ .Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  9. Jeanette Blomberg and Helena Karasti (2013). Reflections on 25 years of ethnography in CSCW. CSCW 22(4--6), 373--423. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. danah boyd and Kate Crawford (2012). Critical questions for big data. Info. Comm. & Soc. 15(5), 662--679.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  11. Anthony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz (2007). The Sage handbook of grounded theory. London, UK, Sage.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  12. Dallas Card,Amber E. Boydstun, Justin H. Gross, Philip Resnik, and Noah A. Smith (2015). The media frames corpus: Annotations of frames across issues. Proc ACL 2015, 438--444.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  13. Munmun De Choudhury and Scott Counts (2013). Understanding affect in the workplace via social media. Proc. CSCW 2013, 303--316. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. Munmum De Choudhury, Scott Counts, Eric J. Horvitz, and Aaron Hoff (2014). Characterizing and predicting postpartum depression from shared facebook data. Proc. CSCW 2014, 626--638 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  15. Kathy Charmaz (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London, UK, Sage.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  16. Ólavur Christiansen (2008). The rationale for the use of classic GT. Grounded Theory Review 7(2), http://groundedtheoryreview.com/2008/06/30/1046/Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. Juliet Corbin and Anselm L. Strauss (2007). Basics of quailtative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. 3rd edition. Newbury Park, CA, USA: Sage.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Lilian Lee,, Bo Pang, and Jon Kleinberg, J. (2012). Echoes of power: Language effects and power differences in social interaction. Proc WWW 2012, 699--708. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Janez Demšar. (2006). "Statistical comparisons of classifiers over multiple data sets." The Journal of Machine Learning Research 7,1--30. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. James Dougherty, Ron Kohavi, and Mehran Sahami (1995). Supervised and unsupervised discretization of continuous features. Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Machine Learning, 194--202.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  21. Paul Dourish (2014). Reading and interpretation ethnography. In Judith S. Olson and Wendy A. Kellogg (eds.), Ways of knowing in HCI. New York, NY, USA, Springer.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  22. Jennifer G. Dy and Carla E. Brodley. (2004). Feature selection for unsupervised learning. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 5 (December 2004), 845--889. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  23. Danyel Fisher, Rob DeLine, Mary Czerwinski, and Steven Drucker (2012). Interactions with big data analytics. Interactions 19(3), 50--59. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  24. Barney G. Glaser (1992). Emergences vs. forcing: Basics of grounded theory analysis. Mill Valley, CA, USA: Sociology Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. Barney G. Glaser (2005). The grounded theory perspective III: Theoretical coding. Mill Valley, CA, USA: Sociology Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  26. Barney G. Glaser (1978). Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. Mill Valley, CA, USA: Sociology Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss (1965a). Awareness of dying. Chicago, Aldine.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, Aldine.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  29. Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss (1965b). Discovery of substantive theory: A basic strategy for qualitative analysis. Am. Beh. Sci. 8, 5--12.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  30. Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss (1968). Time for dying. Chicago, Aldine.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  31. Stephan Greene and Philip Resnik (2009). More than words: Syntactic packaging and implicit sentiment. Proc HLT 2009, 503--511. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  32. Isabelle Guyon and André Elisseeff. (2003). An introduction to variable and feature selection. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 3 (March 2003), 1157--1182 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. Rashina Hoda (2011). Self-organizing agile teams: A grounded theory. PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 2011.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  34. Matthew Jockers. 2013. Macroanalysis. University of Illinois Press: Champaign, IL.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  35. Udo Kelle (2005). "Emergence" vs. "forcing" of empirical data? A crucial problem of "grounded theory" reconsidered. FQS 6(2), art. 27.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  36. Ron Kohavi. (1995) "A study of cross-validation and bootstrap for accuracy estimation and model selection." IJCAI 14(2).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  37. Ron Kohavi, (1998). Glossary of terms, "Special issue on applications of machine learning and the knowledge discovery process." http://robotics.stanford.edu/~ronnyk/glossary.htmGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  38. Scott Krig (2014). Computer vision metrics: Survey, taxonomy, and analysis. Apress, Chapter 7.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  39. Karen S. Kurasaki (2000). Intercoder reliability for validating conclusions drawn from open-ended interview data. Field methods, 12(3), 179--194.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  40. Amanda Menking and Ingrid Erickson (2015). The heart work of Wikipedia: Gendered, emotional labor in the world's largest online encyclopedia. Proc. CHI 2015, 207--210. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  41. Tom Mitchell, 2006, "The discipline of machine learning". URL: http://wwwcgi.cs.cmu.edu/~tom/pubs/MachineLearningTR.pdfGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  42. Tanushree Mitra and Eric Gilbert (2014). The language that gets people to give: Phrases that predict success on Kickstarter. Proc. CSCW 2014, 49--61. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  43. Janice M. Morse, Phyllis Noerager Stern, Juliet Corbin, Barbara Bowers, Adele E. Clarke, and Kathy Charmaz (2009). Developing grounded theory: The second generation. Walnut Creek, CA, USA, Left Coast Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  44. Michael Muller (2014). Curiosity, creativity, and surprise as analytic tools: Grounded theory method. In Judith S. Olson and Wendy A. Kellogg (eds.), Ways of knowing in HCI. New York, NY, USA, Springer.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  45. Michael Muller, Shion Guha, Matthew Davis, Werner Geyer, and Sadat Shami (2015). Developing data-driven theories via grounded theory method and machine learning. Presentation at Human Computer Interaction Consortium, Watsonville, CA, USA, June 2015. Slides available at http://www.slideshare.net/traincroft/hcic-muller-guha-davisgeyer-shami-2015-0629Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  46. Wanda J. Orlikowski and Jack J. Baroudi. 1991. Studying Information Technology in Organizations: Research Approaches and Assumptions. Information Systems Research 2(1), 1--28. http://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2.1.1 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  47. Judith S. Olson and Wendy A. Kellogg (2014) (eds.), Ways of knowing in HCI. New York, NY, USA, Springer. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  48. Jo Reichertz (2007). Abduction: The logic of discovery of grounded theory. In Anthony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz (eds.), The Sage handbook of grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  49. Lisa Rhody. 2012. Topic modeling and figurative language. Journal of Digital Humanities 2, 1.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  50. Shilad Sen, Margaret E. Giesel, Rebecca Gold, Benjamin Hillmann, Matt Lesicko, Samuel Naden, Jesse Russell, Zixiao "Ken" Wang, and Brent Hecht. (2015). Turkers, Scholars, "Arafat" and "Peace": Cultural Communities and Algorithmic Gold Standards. Proc. CSCW, 826--838. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  51. Rion Snow, Brendan O'Connor, Daniel Jurafsky, and Andrew Y. Ng (2008). Cheap and fast--but is it good?: evaluating non-expert annotations for natural language tasks. Proc. Conf. Empir. Meth. Nat. Lang. Proc., 254--263. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  52. Susan Leigh Star (2007). Living grounded theory. In Anthony Bryant and Kathy Charmaz (eds.), The Sage handbook of grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  53. Stephen V Stehman. (1997). "Selecting and interpreting measures of thematic classification accuracy." Remote sensing of Environment 62.1,77--89.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  54. Anselm L. Strauss (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  55. Anselm L. Strauss and Juliet Corbin (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA, USA: Sage.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  56. Jennifer Thom-Santelli, Michael Muller, and David Millen (2008). Social tagging roles: Publishers, evangelists, leaders. Proc CHI 2008, 1041--1044. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  57. Stefan Timmermans and Iddo Tavory (2012). Theory construction in qualitative research: From grounded theory to abductive analysis. Socio. Theor. 30(3), 167--186.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  58. Christopher Vendome, Mario Linares-Vásquez, Gabriele Bavota, Massimiliano Di Penta, Daniel German, and Denys Poshyvanyk (2015). License usage and changes: A largescale study of Java projects on GitHub. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Prog. Comp. 2015, 218--228. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  59. Kiri L. Wagstaff, K. (2012). Machine learning that matters. arXiv preprint arXiv:1206.4656, or http://www.wkiri.com/ research/ papers/wagstaff-MLmatters-12.pdfGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  60. Philip A. Warrick, Emily F. Hamilton, Robert E. Kearney, and Doina Precup (2012). A machine learning approach to the detection of fetal hypoxia during labor and delivery. AI Magazine, 33(2), 79--90.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  61. Janyce M. Wiebe, Rebecca F. Bruce, and Thomas P. O'Hara. 1999. Development and use of a gold-standard data set for subjectivity classifications. In Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics (ACL '99). Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg, PA, USA, 246--253. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library

Index Terms

  1. Machine Learning and Grounded Theory Method: Convergence, Divergence, and Combination

                  Recommendations

                  Comments

                  Login options

                  Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

                  Sign in
                  • Published in

                    cover image ACM Conferences
                    GROUP '16: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work
                    November 2016
                    534 pages
                    ISBN:9781450342766
                    DOI:10.1145/2957276

                    Copyright © 2016 ACM

                    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

                    Publisher

                    Association for Computing Machinery

                    New York, NY, United States

                    Publication History

                    • Published: 13 November 2016

                    Permissions

                    Request permissions about this article.

                    Request Permissions

                    Check for updates

                    Qualifiers

                    • research-article

                    Acceptance Rates

                    GROUP '16 Paper Acceptance Rate36of111submissions,32%Overall Acceptance Rate125of405submissions,31%

                  PDF Format

                  View or Download as a PDF file.

                  PDF

                  eReader

                  View online with eReader.

                  eReader