ABSTRACT
While many radio technologies are available for mobile devices, none of them are designed to deal with asymmetric available energy. Battery capacities of mobile devices vary by up to three orders of magnitude between laptops and wearables, and our inability to deal with such asymmetry has limited the lifetime of constrained portable devices.
This paper presents a radically new design for low-power radios --- one that is capable of dynamically splitting the power burden of communication between the transmitter and receiver in proportion to the available energy on the two devices. We achieve this with a novel carrier offload method that dynamically moves carrier generation across end points. While such a design might raise the specter of a high-power, large form-factor radio, we show that this integration can be achieved with no more than a BLE-style active radio augmented with a few additional components. Our design, Braidio is a low-power, tightly integrated, low-cost radio capable of operating as an active and passive transceiver. When these modes operate in an interleaved (braided) manner, the end result is a power-proportional low-power radio that is able to achieve 1:2546 to 3546:1 power consumption ratios between a transmitter and a receiver, all while operating at low power.
- Ams as3992 reader ic. http://ams.com/eng/Products/UHF-RFID/UHF-RFID-Reader-ICs/AS3992.Google Scholar
- Ams as3993 reader ic. http://ams.com/eng/Products/UHF-RFID/UHF-RFID-Reader-ICs/AS3993.Google Scholar
- Apple iphone 6s hardware specifications. http://www.apple.com/iphone-6s/specs/.Google Scholar
- Apple iphone 6s plus hardware specifications. http://www.apple.com/iphone-6s/specs/.Google Scholar
- Apple macbook pro 13 inch hardware specifications. http://www.apple.com/macbook-pro/specs-retina/.Google Scholar
- Apple macbook pro 15 inch hardware specifications. http://www.apple.com/macbook-pro/specs-retina/.Google Scholar
- Apple watch. https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Apple+Watch+Teardown/40655.Google Scholar
- Cc2541 bluetooth low energy chip. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2541.pdf.Google Scholar
- Cc2640 bluetooth low energy chip. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2640.pdf.Google Scholar
- Google nexus 6p technology specifications. https://store.google.com/product/nexus_6p.Google Scholar
- Impinj indy r1000 rfid reader chip. http://www.impinj.com/products/reader-chips/indy-r1000-rfid-reader-chip/.Google Scholar
- Impinj indy r2000 rfid reader chip. http://www.impinj.com/products/reader-chips/indy-r2000-rfid-reader-chip/.Google Scholar
- Microsoft surface book technology specifications. https://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/devices/surface-book#techspec-block.Google Scholar
- Ncs2200 low voltage comparator on semiconductor. http://www.onsemi.com/pub_link/Collateral/NCS2200-D.PDF.Google Scholar
- Nike fuel band user manual. https://support-en-us.nikeplus.com/ci/fattach/get/853467/1406073309/redirect/1d.Google Scholar
- Pebble watch. https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Pebble+Teardown/13319.Google Scholar
- Pivothead original. http://www.pivothead.com/technology/originals/.Google Scholar
- Thingmagic m6e datasheet. http://rfid.thingmagic.com/thingmagic-m6e-uhf-rfid-module.Google Scholar
- Thingmagic m6e micro datasheet. http://rfid.thingmagic.com/m6e-micro-datasheet.Google Scholar
- Ts881 nanopower comparator from stmicroelectronics. http://www.st.com/web/en/resource/technical/document/datasheet/DM00057901.pdf.Google Scholar
- Y. Agarwal, C. Schurgers, and R. Gupta. Dynamic power management using on demand paging for networked embedded systems. In ASPDAC'05, pages 755–759. ACM, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. M. Alamouti. A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications. Selected Areas in Comm., IEEE Journal on, 16(8):1451–1458, 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Bahl, A. Adya, J. Padhye, and A. Walman. Reconsidering wireless systems with multiple radios. ACM SIGCOMM CCR, 34(5):39–46, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Bharadia, K. R. Joshi, M. Kotaru, and S. Katti. Backfi: High throughput wifi backscatter. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGCOMM, pages 283–296. ACM, 2015. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Bharadia and S. Katti. Full duplex mimo radios. In NSDI 14, pages 359–372, 2014. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Bharadia, E. McMilin, and S. Katti. Full duplex radios. In SIGCOMM CCR, pages 375–386. ACM, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. C. Cox. Antenna diversity performance in mitigating the effects of portable radiotelephone orientation and multipath propagation. Communications, IEEE Transactions on, 31(5):620–628, 1983.Google ScholarCross Ref
- J. F. Ensworth and M. S. Reynolds. Every smart phone is a backscatter reader: Modulated backscatter compatibility with bluetooth 4.0 low energy (ble) devices. In RFID'15, pages 78–85. IEEE, 2015.Google Scholar
- P. Hu, P. Zhang, and D. Ganesan. Leveraging interleaved signal edges for concurrent backscatter. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Hot topics in wireless, pages 13–18. ACM, 2014. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Hu, P. Zhang, and D. Ganesan. Laissez-faire: Fully asymmetric backscatter communication. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2015. ACM, 2015. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Huang, P. E. Caines, and R. P. Malhamé. Uplink power adjustment in wireless communication systems: a stochastic control analysis. Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on, 49(10):1693–1708, 2004.Google Scholar
- M. Jain, J. I. Choi, T. Kim, D. Bharadia, S. Seth, K. Srinivasan, P. Levis, S. Katti, and P. Sinha. Practical, real-time, full duplex wireless. In MobiCom'11, pages 301–312. ACM, 2011. Google ScholarDigital Library
- U. Karthaus and M. Fischer. Fully integrated passive uhf rfid transponder ic with 16.7-$μ$w minimum rf input power. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of, 38(10):1602–1608, 2003.Google Scholar
- B. Kellogg, A. Parks, S. Gollakota, J. R. Smith, and D. Wetherall. Wi-fi backscatter: internet connectivity for rf-powered devices. In SIGCOMM'14, pages 607–618. ACM, 2014. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Kyasanur and N. H. Vaidya. Routing and interface assignment in multi-channel multi-interface wireless networks. In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2005 IEEE, volume 4, pages 2051–2056. IEEE, 2005.Google ScholarCross Ref
- V. Liu, A. Parks, V. Talla, S. Gollakota, D. Wetherall, and J. R. Smith. Ambient backscatter: wireless communication out of thin air. In SIGCOMM CCR, volume 43, pages 39–50. ACM, 2013. Google ScholarDigital Library
- F. Marcelloni and M. Vecchio. A simple algorithm for data compression in wireless sensor networks. Communications Letters, IEEE, 12(6):411–413, 2008.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. J. Miller and N. H. Vaidya. A mac protocol to reduce sensor network energy consumption using a wakeup radio. Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on, 4(3):228–242, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. V. Nikitin, S. Ramamurthy, and R. Martinez. Simple low cost uhf rfid reader. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. RFID, pages 126–127, 2013.Google Scholar
- P. V. Nikitin and K. Rao. Antennas and propagation in uhf rfid systems. challenge, 22:23, 2008.Google Scholar
- A. N. Parks, A. Liu, S. Gollakota, and J. R. Smith. Turbocharging ambient backscatter communication. In SIGCOMM'14, pages 619–630. ACM, 2014. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Pering, Y. Agarwal, R. Gupta, and R. Want. Coolspots: reducing the power consumption of wireless mobile devices with multiple radio interfaces. In MobiSys'06, pages 220–232. ACM, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Polastre, J. Hill, and D. Culler. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In EWSN'04, pages 95–107. ACM, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. M. Pozar. Microwave engineering. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.Google Scholar
- R. Ramanathan and R. Rosales-Hain. Topology control of multihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment. In INFOCOM 2000, volume 2, pages 404–413. IEEE, 2000.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. P. Sample, D. J. Yeager, P. S. Powledge, A. V. Mamishev, and J. R. Smith. Design of an rfid-based battery-free programmable sensing platform. Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, 57(11):2608–2615, 2008.Google Scholar
- J. R. Smith. Wirelessly Powered Sensor Networks and Computational RFID. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.Google Scholar
- S. J. Thomas and M. S. Reynolds. A 96 mbit/sec, 15.5 pj/bit 16-qam modulator for uhf backscatter communication. In RFID'12, pages 185–190. IEEE, 2012.Google Scholar
- C. M. Vigorito, D. Ganesan, and A. G. Barto. Adaptive control of duty cycling in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In SECON'07, pages 21–30. IEEE, 2007.Google Scholar
- J. Wang, H. Hassanieh, D. Katabi, and P. Indyk. Efficient and reliable low-power backscatter networks. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2012, pages 61–72. ACM, 2012. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. P. Wen. Coplanar waveguide: A surface strip transmission line suitable for nonreciprocal gyromagnetic device applications. Microwave Theory and Techniques, Trans. on, 17(12):1087–1090, 1969.Google Scholar
- L. Xiang, J. Luo, and A. Vasilakos. Compressed data aggregation for energy efficient wireless sensor networks. In SECON 2011, pages 46–54. IEEE, 2011.Google ScholarCross Ref
- H. Zhang, J. Gummeson, B. Ransford, and K. Fu. Moo: A batteryless computational rfid and sensing platform. University of Massachusetts Computer Science Technical Report UM-CS-2011-020, 2011.Google Scholar
- P. Zhang, P. Hu, V. Pasikanti, and D. Ganesan. Ekhonet: high speed ultra low-power backscatter for next generation sensors. In Proceedings of MobiCom'14, pages 557–568. ACM, 2014. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Braidio: An Integrated Active-Passive Radio for Mobile Devices with Asymmetric Energy Budgets
Recommendations
Capacity and power allocation for spectrum-sharing communications in fading channels
This paper investigates the fundamental capacity limits of opportunistic spectrum-sharing channels in fading environments. The concept of opportunistic spectrum access is motivated by the frontier technology of cognitive radio which offers a tremendous ...
Optimal power allocation for fading channels in cognitive radio networks: ergodic capacity and outage capacity
A cognitive radio network (CRN) is formed by either allowing the secondary users (SUs) in a secondary communication network (SCN) to opportunistically operate in the frequency bands originally allocated to a primary communication network (PCN) or by ...
An overview on cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radios
With the advent of wireless technology, a large number of devices are continuously accessing the frequency spectrum. As the number of mobile devices is increasing, the contention for spectrum utilisation is seriously challenging the spectrum ...
Comments