Abstract
In this paper, we present a novel technique to simplify sketch drawings based on learning a series of convolution operators. In contrast to existing approaches that require vector images as input, we allow the more general and challenging input of rough raster sketches such as those obtained from scanning pencil sketches. We convert the rough sketch into a simplified version which is then amendable for vectorization. This is all done in a fully automatic way without user intervention. Our model consists of a fully convolutional neural network which, unlike most existing convolutional neural networks, is able to process images of any dimensions and aspect ratio as input, and outputs a simplified sketch which has the same dimensions as the input image. In order to teach our model to simplify, we present a new dataset of pairs of rough and simplified sketch drawings. By leveraging convolution operators in combination with efficient use of our proposed dataset, we are able to train our sketch simplification model. Our approach naturally overcomes the limitations of existing methods, e.g., vector images as input and long computation time; and we show that meaningful simplifications can be obtained for many different test cases. Finally, we validate our results with a user study in which we greatly outperform similar approaches and establish the state of the art in sketch simplification of raster images.
Supplemental Material
- Bae, S.-H., Balakrishnan, R., and Singh, K. 2008. Ilovesketch: As-natural-as-possible sketching system for creating 3d curve models. In ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, 151--160. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Barla, P., Thollot, J., and Sillion, F. X. 2005. Geometric clustering for line drawing simplification. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Sketches. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bartolo, A., Camilleri, K. P., Fabri, S. G., Borg, J. C., and Farrugia, P. J. 2007. Scribbles to vectors: Preparation of scribble drawings for cad interpretation. In Eurographics Workshop on Sketch-based Interfaces and Modeling, 123--130. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Baudel, T. 1994. A mark-based interaction paradigm for freehand drawing. In ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, 185--192. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chang, H.-H., and Yan, H. 1998. Vectorization of hand-drawn image using piecewise cubic bézier curves fitting. Pattern Recognition 31, 11, 1747--1755.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Chen, J., Guennebaud, G., Barla, P., and Granier, X. 2013. Non-oriented mls gradient fields. Computer Graphics Forum 32, 8, 98--109.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cole, F., DeCarlo, D., Finkelstein, A., Kin, K., Morley, K., and Santella, A. 2006. Directing gaze in 3d models with stylized focus. In Eurographics Conference on Rendering Techniques, 377--387. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Deussen, O., and Strothotte, T. 2000. Computer-generated pen-and-ink illustration of trees. In Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, 13--18. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dong, C., Loy, C. C., He, K., and Tang, X. 2016. Image super-resolution using deep convolutional networks. PAMI 38, 2, 295--307. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dosovitskiy, A., Springenberg, J. T., and Brox, T. 2015. Learning to generate chairs with convolutional neural networks. In CVPR.Google Scholar
- Fischer, P., Dosovitskiy, A., Ilg, E., Häusser, P., Hazirbas, C., Golkov, V., van der Smagt, P., Cremers, D., and Brox, T. 2015. Flownet: Learning optical flow with convolutional networks.Google Scholar
- Fišer, J., Asente, P., and Sýkora, D. 2015. Shipshape: A drawing beautification assistant. In Workshop on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling, 49--57. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Freeman, H. 1974. Computer processing of line-drawing images. ACM Comput. Surv. 6, 1, 57--97. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fukushima, K. 1988. Neocognitron: A hierarchical neural network capable of visual pattern recognition. Neural networks 1, 2, 119--130.Google Scholar
- Grabli, S., Durand, F., and Sillion, F. 2004. Density measure for line-drawing simplification. In Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications, 2004, 309--318. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Grimm, C., and Joshi, P. 2012. Just drawit: A 3d sketching system. In nternational Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling, 121--130. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hilaire, X., and Tombre, K. 2006. Robust and accurate vectorization of line drawings. PAMI 28, 6, 890--904. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Igarashi, T., Matsuoka, S., Kawachiya, S., and Tanaka, H. 1997. Interactive beautification: A technique for rapid geometric design. In ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, 105--114. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ioffe, S., and Szegedy, C. 2015. Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift. In ICML.Google Scholar
- Janssen, R. D., and Vossepoel, A. M. 1997. Adaptive vectorization of line drawing images. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 65, 1, 38--56. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., and Hinton, G. E. 2012. Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In NIPS.Google Scholar
- LeCun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., and Haffner, P. 1998. Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE 86, 11, 2278--2324.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lindlbauer, D., Haller, M., Hancock, M. S., Scott, S. D., and Stuerzlinger, W. 2013. Perceptual grouping: selection assistance for digital sketching. In International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces, 51--60. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Liu, X., Wong, T.-T., and Heng, P.-A. 2015. Closure-aware sketch simplification. ACM Trans. Graph. 34, 6, 168:1--168:10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Long, J., Shelhamer, E., and Darrell, T. 2015. Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. In CVPR.Google Scholar
- Nair, V., and Hinton, G. E. 2010. Rectified linear units improve restricted boltzmann machines. In ICML, 807--814.Google Scholar
- Noh, H., Hong, S., and Han, B. 2015. Learning deconvolution network for semantic segmentation. In ICCV. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Noris, G., Hornung, A., Sumner, R. W., Simmons, M., and Gross, M. 2013. Topology-driven vectorization of clean line drawings. ACM Trans. Graph. 32, 1, 4:1--4:11. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Orbay, G., and Kara, L. 2011. Beautification of design sketches using trainable stroke clustering and curve fitting. IEEE Trans. on Visualization and Computer Graphics 17, 5, 694--708. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Preim, B., and Strothotte, T. 1995. Tuning rendered line-drawings. In Winter School in Computer Graphics, 227--237.Google Scholar
- Pusch, R., Samavati, F., Nasri, A., and Wyvill, B. 2007. Improving the sketch-based interface. The Visual Computer 23, 9-11, 955--962. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rosin, P. L. 1994. Grouping curved lines. In Machine Graphics and Vision 7, 625--644.Google Scholar
- Rumelhart, D., Hinton, G., and Williams, R. 1986. Learning representations by back-propagating errors. In Nature.Google Scholar
- Selinger, P. 2003. Potrace: a polygon-based tracing algorithm. Potrace (online), http://potrace. sourceforge. net/potrace.pdf (2009-07-01).Google Scholar
- Shen, W., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Bai, X., and Zhang, Z. 2015. Deepcontour: A deep convolutional feature learned by positive-sharing loss for contour detection. In CVPR.Google Scholar
- Shesh, A., and Chen, B. 2008. Efficient and dynamic simplification of line drawings. Computer Graphics Forum 27, 2, 537--545.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Simonyan, K., and Zisserman, A. 2015. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. In ICLR.Google Scholar
- Springenberg, J. T., Dosovitskiy, A., Brox, T., and Riedmiller, M. A. 2015. Striving for simplicity: The all convolutional net. In ICLR Workshop Track.Google Scholar
- Wilson, B., and Ma, K.-L. 2004. Rendering complexity in computer-generated pen-and-ink illustrations. In International Symposium on Non-photorealistic Animation and Rendering, 129--137. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zeiler, M. D., and Fergus, R. 2014. Visualizing and understanding convolutional networks. In ECCV.Google Scholar
- Zeiler, M. D. 2012. ADADELTA: an adaptive learning rate method. CoRR abs/1212.5701.Google Scholar
- Zhang, T. Y., and Suen, C. Y. 1984. A fast parallel algorithm for thinning digital patterns. Commun. ACM 27, 3, 236--239. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Learning to simplify: fully convolutional networks for rough sketch cleanup
Recommendations
Mastering Sketching: Adversarial Augmentation for Structured Prediction
We present an integral framework for training sketch simplification networks that convert challenging rough sketches into clean line drawings. Our approach augments a simplification network with a discriminator network, training both networks jointly so ...
Unpaired Sketch-to-Line Translation via Synthesis of Sketches
SA '19: SIGGRAPH Asia 2019 Technical BriefsConverting hand-drawn sketches into clean line drawings is a crucial step for diverse artistic works such as comics and product designs. Recent data-driven methods using deep learning have shown their great abilities to automatically simplify sketches on ...
Coupled-learning convolutional neural networks for object recognition
Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been attracting considerable attention in various computer vision tasks. Motivated by neuroscience, CNN has several similar properties with the learning process of human brain. A prominent difference is ...
Comments