Abstract
An intriguing aspect of picture perception is the viewer’s tolerance to variation in viewing position, perspective, and display size. These factors are also present in stereoscopic media, where there are additional parameters associated with the camera arrangement (e.g., separation, orientation). The predicted amount of depth from disparity can be obtained trigonometrically; however, perceived depth in complex scenes often differs from geometric predictions based on binocular disparity alone. To evaluate the extent and the cause of deviations from geometric predictions of depth from disparity in naturalistic scenes, we recorded stereoscopic footage of an indoor scene with a range of camera separations (camera interaxial (IA) ranged from 3 to 95 mm) and displayed them on a range of screen sizes. In a series of experiments participants estimated 3D distances in the scene relative to a reference scene, compared depth between shots with different parameters, or reproduced the depth between pairs of objects in the scene using reaching or blind walking. The effects of IA and screen size were consistently and markedly smaller than predicted from the binocular viewing geometry, suggesting that observers are able to compensate for the predicted distortions. We conclude that the presence of multiple realistic monocular depth cues drives normalization of perceived depth from binocular disparity. It is not clear to what extent these differences are due to cognitive as opposed to perceptual factors. However, it is notable that these normalization processes are not task specific; they are evident in both perception- and action-oriented tasks.
- Robert S. Allison. 2007. Analysis of the influence of vertical disparities arising in toed-in stereoscopic cameras. Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 51, 4, 317--327.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Robert S. Allison and Ian P. Howard. 2000. Temporal dependencies in resolving monocular and binocular cue conflict in slant perception. Vision Research 40, 14, 1869--1885. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00034-1Google ScholarCross Ref
- Robert S. Allison, Laurie M. Wilcox, and Ali Kazimi. 2013. Perceptual artefacts, suspension of disbelief and realism in stereoscopic 3D film. Public 24, 47, 149--160. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/public.24.47.14_1Google ScholarCross Ref
- Martin S. Banks, Emily A. Cooper, and Elise A. Piazza. 2014. Camera focal length and the perception of pictures. Ecological Psychology 26, 1--2, 30--46. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2014.877284Google ScholarCross Ref
- Martin S. Banks, Robert T. Held, and Ahna R. Girshick. 2009. Perception of 3-D layout in stereo displays. Information Display 25, 1, 12--16.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Karim Benzeroual, Robert S. Allison, and Laurie M. Wilcox. 2011a. Distortions of space in stereoscopic 3D content. In Proceedings of the SMPTE International Conference on Stereoscopic 3D for Media and Entertainment. 6.1--6.10.Google Scholar
- Karim Benzeroual, Laurie M. Wilcox, and Robert S. Allison. 2011b. On the distinction between perceived and predicted depth in S3D films. In Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on 3D Imaging (IC3D’11). 59.1--59.8.Google Scholar
- Heinrich H. Bülthoff and Hanspeter A. Mallot. 1988. Integration of depth modules: Stereo and shading. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 5, 10, 1749--1758. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.5.001749Google ScholarCross Ref
- Songpei Du, Shimin Hu, and Ralph Martin. 2013. Changing perspective in stereoscopic images. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 19, 8, 1288--1297. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2013.14 Google ScholarDigital Library
- John M. Foley. 1980. Binocular distance perception. Psychological Review 87, 5, 411--434.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Andrew Glennerster, Lili Tcheang, Stuart J. Gilson, Andrew W. Fitzgibbon, and Andrew J. Parker. 2006. Humans ignore motion and stereo cues in favor of a fictional stable world. Current Biology 16, 4, 428--432. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.019Google ScholarCross Ref
- Melvyn A. Goodale. 2014. How (and why) the visual control of action differs from visual perception. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, 1785, 20140337. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0337Google ScholarCross Ref
- James M. Hillis, Simon J. Watt, Michael S. Landy, and Martin S. Banks. 2004. Slant from texture and disparity cues: Optimal cue combination. Journal of Vision 4, 12, 967--992. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/4.12.1Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jonathan W. Kelly, Melissa Burton, Brice Pollock, Eduardo Rubio, Michael Curtis, Julio De La Cruz, Stephen Gilbert, and Eliot Winer. 2013. Space perception in virtual environments: Displacement from the center of projection causes less distortion than predicted by cue-based models. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception 10, 4, 18:1--18:23. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2536764.2536765 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jack M. Loomis, Jos A. da Silva, Naofumi Fujita, and Sergio S. Fukusima. 1992. Visual space perception and visually directed action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18, 4, 906--921. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.906Google ScholarCross Ref
- H. A. Sedgwick. 1993. The effects of viewpoint on the virtual space of pictures. In Pictorial Communication in Virtual and Real Environments, S. R. Ellis, M. K. Kaiser, and A. J. Grunwald (Eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 460--479. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Takashi Shibata, Joohwan Kim, David M. Hoffman, and Martin S. Banks. 2011. The zone of comfort: Predicting visual discomfort with stereo displays. Journal of Vision 11, 8, Article No. 11. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.8.11Google ScholarCross Ref
- Raymond Spottiswoode and Nigel Spottiswoode. 1953. The Theory of Stereoscopic Transmission and Its Application to the Motion Picture. University of California Press.Google Scholar
- Stanley Stevens. 1962. The surprising simplicity of sensory metrics. American Psychologist 17, 1, 29--39. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0045795Google ScholarCross Ref
- Peter Vangorp, Christian Richardt, Emily A. Cooper, Gaurav Chaurasia, Martin S. Banks, and George Drettakis. 2013. Perception of perspective distortions in image-based rendering. ACM Transactions on Graphics 32, 4, 58:1--58:12. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2461912.2461971 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dhanraj Vishwanath, Ahna R. Girshick, and Martin S. Banks. 2005. Why pictures look right when viewed from the wrong place. Nature Neuroscience 8, 10, 1401--1410. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1553Google ScholarCross Ref
- Zachary Wartell, Larry F. Hodges, and William Ribarsky. 1999. Balancing fusion, image depth and distortion in stereoscopic head-tracked displays. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. 351--358. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Laurie M. Wilcox and Robert S. Allison. 2009. Coarse-fine dichotomies in human stereopsis. Vision Research 49, 22, 2653--65. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2009.06.004Google ScholarCross Ref
- Andrew J. Woods, Tom Docherty, and Rolf Koch. 1993. Image distortions in stereoscopic video systems. In Proceedings of SPIE 1915: Stereoscopic Displays and Applications IV. 36--48. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.157041Google Scholar
Index Terms
Perceptual Tolerance to Stereoscopic 3D Image Distortion
Recommendations
Layer-based disparity adjustment in stereoscopic 3D media
CVMP '16: Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Visual Media Production (CVMP 2016)We present a method to adjust the disparity of stereoscopic 3D (S3D) images non-uniformly to improve viewing comfort or to allow artistic license with depth after capture. Using disparity maps, our method decomposes the input S3D image into layers where ...
Automatically Stereoscopic Camera Control for 3D Animation Production
MM '15: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM international conference on MultimediaThis paper proposes a novel approach for automatically controlling stereoscopic camera parameters that specifically addresses challenges in stereo 3D animation production process.Our proposed camera control method produces stereo contents with ...
Perceptual stereoscopic video coding using disparity just-noticeable-distortion model
Perceptual stereoscopic video coding.Disparity just-noticeable-distortion model.Disparity masking effects of the human visual system.Improving coding efficiency without loss of stereoscopic perceptual quality. In this paper, we propose perceptual ...
Comments