skip to main content
10.1145/1978942.1979147acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Cooks or cobblers?: crowd creativity through combination

Authors Info & Claims
Published:07 May 2011Publication History

ABSTRACT

A sketch combination system is introduced and tested: a crowd of 1047 participated in an iterative process of design, evaluation and combination. Specifically, participants in a crowdsourcing marketplace sketched chairs for children. One crowd created a first generation of chairs, and then successive crowds created new generations by combining the chairs made by previous crowds. Other participants evaluated the chairs. The crowd judged the chairs from the third generation more creative than those from the first generation. An analysis of the design evolution shows that participants inherited and modified presented features, and also added new features. These findings suggest that crowd based design processes may be effective, and point the way toward computer-human interactions that might further encourage crowd creativity.

References

  1. von Ahn, L. and Dabbish, L. Labeling images with a computer game. In Proc. CHI 2004, ACM Press (2004), 319--326. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. Amazon Mechanical Turk. https://www.mturk.com/mturk/welcome.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Amabile, T. M., R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazenby, and M. Herron. Assessing the work environment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39 (1996), 1154--1184.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  4. Benkler, Y. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, USA, 2006. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. Brabham, D. Moving the crowd at Threadless: Motivations for participation in a crowdsourcing application. Information, Communication & Society, 13 (2010), 1122--1145.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  6. Campbell, D. T. Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review, 67 (1960), 380--400.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  7. Deb, K. Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms. Wiley, Chichester, UK, 2001. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  8. Finke, R., Ward, T., and Smith, S. Creative Cognition: Theory, Research, and Applications. MIT Press Cambridge, MA, USA, 1996.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  9. Fischer, G. Social Creativity: Turning Barriers into Opportunities for Collaborative Design. In Proc. PDC2004, 152--161. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Gero J. S., and Maher M. L. (eds) Modeling creativity and knowledge-based creative design. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 1993. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  11. Goldberg, D. E. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, USA, 1989. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. Goldschmidt, G, and Litan Sever A. From text to design solution: inspiring design ideas with texts. In Proc. ICED 2009.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  13. Google Docs Drawing Application. http://docs0.google.com/demo/edit?id=scACRQaIm3t83kVISWPhWfrqx#drawing.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. Heit, E. Influences of prior knowledge on selective weighting of category members. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24 (1998), 712--731.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. Holland. J. H. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1975.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  16. Hu, C., Bederson, B. B., and Resnik, P. Translation by iterative collaboration between monolingual users. In Proc. of Graphics Interface 2010, Canadian Information Processing Society (2010), 39--46. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. Kittur, A. Crowdsourcing, collaboration and creativity. XRDS: Crossroads, December (2010). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. Kittur, A., Chi, E. H., and Suh, B. Crowdsourcing user studies with Mechanical Turk. In Proc. CHI 2008, ACM Press (2008), 453--456. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Kosorukoff, A. Human based genetic algorithm. In Proc. IEEE Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 2001, 3464--3469.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  20. Little, G., Chilton, L. B., Goldman, M., and Miller, R. C. Exploring iterative and parallel human computation processes. In Proc. of the ACM SIGKDD Workshop on Human Computation (2010), 68--76. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. Lorge, I., Fox, D., Davitz, J., and Brenner, M. A. Survey of Studies Contrasting the Quality of Group Performance and Individual Performance, 1920-1957, Psychological Bulletin 55, 6 (1958), 337--372.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  22. Maher, M. L. Design Creativity Research: From the Individual to the Crowd. Design Creativity 2010.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. McDonald, D. W. Social Computing: A Research Topic in Search of Disciplinarity. In the Research Directions for Social Computing Workshop at the ACM International Conf. on Supporting Group Work (2007).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. Mednick, S. A. The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review 69, 1962, 220--232.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  25. Mullen, B., Johnson C. and Salas E. Productivity Loss in Brainstorming Groups: A Meta-Analytic Integration, Basic and Applied Social Psychology 72, 1 (1991), 3--23.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  26. Nunamaker, J., Dennis, A. R., Valacich, J. S., Vogel, D. R. and George, J. F. Electronic Meeting Systems to Support Group Work, Communications of the ACM 34, 7 (1991), 40--61. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. Osborn, A. F. Applied imagination: Principles and procedures of creative problem solving (3rd Edition). Scribners, New York, USA, 1963.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. Palmeri, T. J., and Nosofsky, R. M. Recognition memory for exceptions to the category rule. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 21 (1995), 548--568.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  29. Quinn, A. J., and Bederson, B. B. Human Computation: A Survey and Taxonomy of a Growing Field, CHI 2011, ACM Press (2011). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  30. Raykar, V. C., Yu, S., Zhao, L. H., Valadez, G. H., Florin, C., Bogoni, L., and Moy, L. Learning from crowds. Journal of Machine Learning Research. 11, 7 (2010), 1297--1322. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  31. Rosch, E. H. Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch and B. Lloyd, eds. Cognition and Categorization. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978, 27--48.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  32. Ross, J., Irani, L., Silberman, M. S., Zaldivar, A., and Tomlinson, B. Who are the Crowdworkers? Shifting Demographics in Mechanical Turk. Ext. Abstracts CHI 2010, ACM Press (2010). Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. Sack, W., Détienne, F., Burkhardt, J.-M., Barcellini, F., Ducheneaut, N., and Mahendran, D. A methodological framework for socio-cognitive analyses of collaborative design of Open Source Software. Distributed Collective Practices Workshop at CSCW, (2004).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  34. Sakamoto, Y., and Love, B. C. Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal, Austin: Enhanced oddball memory through differentiation, not isolation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13 (2006), 474--479.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  35. Simonton, D. K. Scientific creativity as constrained stochastic behavior: The integration of product, person, and process perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 129 (2003), 475--494.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  36. Smith, S. M., Ward, T. B., and Schumacher, J. S. Constraining effects of examples in a creative generation task. Memory & Cognition, 21 (1993), 837--845.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  37. Spears, W. M. Crossover or Mutation? In Foundations of Genetic Algorithms 2. L.D. Whitley (ed). Morgan Kaufmann, CA, USA, 1993.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  38. Suwa, M. and Tversky, B. What do architects and students perceive in their design sketches? A protocol analysis. Design Studies 18, 4 (1997), 385--403.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  39. Tech Guru, Open Source Cars, http://www.techquark.com/2010/05/open-source-cars.html, May 26, 2010, accessed January 10, 2010.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  40. Thagard, P. Conceptual revolutions. Princeton University Press, USA, 1992.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  41. Tversky, B. and Chou, J. Creativity: depth and breadth. ICDC 2010.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  42. Voiklis, J. A Thing Is What We Say It Is: Referential Communication and Indirect Category Learning, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2008.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar

Index Terms

  1. Cooks or cobblers?: crowd creativity through combination
    Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Login options

    Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

    Sign in
    • Published in

      cover image ACM Conferences
      CHI '11: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
      May 2011
      3530 pages
      ISBN:9781450302289
      DOI:10.1145/1978942

      Copyright © 2011 ACM

      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      • Published: 7 May 2011

      Permissions

      Request permissions about this article.

      Request Permissions

      Check for updates

      Qualifiers

      • research-article

      Acceptance Rates

      CHI '11 Paper Acceptance Rate410of1,532submissions,27%Overall Acceptance Rate6,199of26,314submissions,24%

    PDF Format

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader