Fabricating spatially-varying subsurface scattering

Abstract

Many real world surfaces exhibit translucent appearance due to subsurface scattering. Although various methods exists to measure, edit and render subsurface scattering effects, no solution exists for manufacturing physical objects with desired translucent appearance. In this paper, we present a complete solution for fabricating a material volume with a desired surface BSSRDF. We stack layers from a fixed set of manufacturing materials whose thickness is varied spatially to reproduce the heterogeneity of the input BSSRDF. Given an input BSSRDF and the optical properties of the manufacturing materials, our system efficiently determines the optimal order and thickness of the layers. We demonstrate our approach by printing a variety of homogenous and heterogenous BSSRDFs using two hardware setups: a milling machine and a 3D printer.

References

1. Arbree, A. 2009. Scalable And Heterogeneous Rendering Of Subsurface Scattering Materials. PhD thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. http://hdl.handle.net/1813/13986.
2. Arridge, S. R., and Schotland, J. 2009. Optical tomography: Forward and inverse problems. Inverse Problems 25, 12, 123010:(59pp).
3. Baumgart, B. G. 1972. Winged edge polyhedron representation. Tech. rep., Stanford, CA, USA.
4. Chen, Y., Tong, X., Wang, J., Lin, S., Guo, B., and Shum, H.-Y. 2004. Shell texture functions. ACM Trans. Graph. 23, 3, 343--353.
5. Debevec, P., Hawkins, T., Tchou, C., Duiker, H.-P., Sarokin, W., and Sagar, M. 2000. Acquiring the reflectance field of a human face. In Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, 145--156.
6. d'Eon, E., Luebke, D., and Enderton, E. 2007. Efficient Rendering of Human Skin. Eurographics Symposium on Rendering, 147--157.
7. Donner, C., and Jensen, H. W. 2005. Light diffusion in multi-layered translucent materials. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 3, 1032--1039.
8. Donner, C., Weyrich, T., d'Eon, E., Ramamoorthi, R., and Rusinkiewicz, S. 2008. A layered, heterogeneous reflectance model for acquiring and rendering human skin. ACM Trans. Graph. 27, 5, 140.
9. Donner, C., Lawrence, J., Ramamoorthi, R., Hachisuka, T., Jensen, H. W., and Nayar, S. 2009. An empirical bssrdf model. ACM Transactions on Graphics 28, 3 (July), 30:1--30:10.
10. Dorsey, J., Edelman, A., Legakis, J., Jensen, H. W., and Pedersen, H. K. 1999. Modeling and rendering of weathered stone. In Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, 225--234.
11. Ghosh, A., Hawkins, T., Peers, P., Frederiksen, S., and Debevec, P. 2008. Practical modeling and acquisition of layered facial reflectance. ACM Trans. Graph. 27, 5, 139.
12. Goesele, M., Lensch, H. P. A., Lang, J., Fuchs, C., and Seidel, H.-P. 2004. DISCO: acquisition of translucent objects. ACM Trans. Graph. 23, 3, 835--844.
13. Hanrahan, P., and Krueger, W. 1993. Reflection from layered surfaces due to subsurface scattering. In Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, 165--174.
14. Hao, X., and Varshney, A. 2004. Real-time rendering of translucent meshes. In ACM Trans. Graph., vol. 23. 120--142.
15. Hašan, M., Fuchs, M., Matusik, W., Pfister, H., and Rusinkiewicz, S. M. 2010. Physical reproduction of materials with specified subsurface scattering. ACM Transactions on Graphics 29, 3 (Aug.).
16. Ishimaru, A. 1978. Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media. Academic Press.
17. Jensen, H. W., Marschner, S. R., Levoy, M., and Hanrahan, P. 2001. A practical model for subsurface light transport. In Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, 511--518.
18. Lensch, H. P. A., Goesele, M., Bekaert, P., Magnor, J. K. M. A., Lang, J., and Seidel, H.-P. 2003. Interactive rendering of translucent objects. Computer Graphics Forum 22, 2, 195--205.
19. Matusik, W., Ajdin, B., Gu, J., Lawrence, J., Lensch, H. P. A., Pellacini, F., and Rusinkiewicz, S. 2009. Printing spatially-varying reflectance. ACM Trans. Graph. 28, 3, 1--6.
20. Mount, D., and Arya, S. 1997. ANN: A library for approximate nearest neighbor searching. In CGC 2nd Annual Fall Workshop on Computational Geometry.
21. Nicodemus, F. E., Richmond, J. C., Hsia, J. J., Ginsberg, I. W., and Limperis, T. 1977. Geometrical Considerations and Nomenclature for Reflectance. National Bureau of Standards (US).
22. Peers, P., vom Berge, K., Matusik, W., Ramamoorthi, R., Lawrence, J., Rusinkiewicz, S., and Dutré, P. 2006. A compact factored representation of heterogeneous subsurface scattering. ACM Trans. Graph. 25, 3, 746--753.
23. Pharr, M., and Hanrahan, P. M. 2000. Monte Carlo evaluation of non-linear scattering equations for subsurface reflection. In Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH, 275--286.
24. Porumbescu, S. D., Budge, B., Feng, L., and Joy, K. I. 2005. Shell maps. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 3, 626--633.
25. Press, W. H., et al. 1992. Numerical Recipes in C (Second Edition).
26. Song, Y., Tong, X., Pellacini, F., and Peers, P. 2009. SubEdit: a representation for editing measured heterogeneous subsurface scattering. ACM Transactions on Graphics 28, 3 (Aug.), 31:1--31:9.
27. Stam, J. 1995. Multiple scattering as a diffusion process. In Euro. Rendering Workshop, 41--50.
28. Tariq, S., gardner, A., Llamas, I., Jones, A., Debevec, P., and Turk, G. 2006. Efficiently estimation of spatially varying subsurface scattering parameters. In 11th Int'l Fall Workshop on Vision, Modeling, and Visualzation 2006, 165--174.
29. Tong, X., Wang, J., Lin, S., Guo, B., and Shum, H.-Y. 2005. Modeling and rendering of quasi-homogeneous materials. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 3, 1054--1061.
30. Vilbrandt, T., Malone, E., H., L., and Pasko, A. 2008. Universal desktop fabrication. In Heterogeneous Objects Modelling and Applications, 259--284.
31. Wang, R., Tran, J., and Luebke, D. 2005. All-frequency interactive relighting of translucent objects with single and multiple scattering. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 3, 1202--1207.
32. Wang, J., Zhao, S., Tong, X., Lin, S., Lin, Z., Dong, Y., Guo, B., and Shum, H.-Y. 2008. Modeling and rendering of heterogeneous translucent materials using the diffusion equation. ACM Trans. Graph. 27, 1, 9:1--9:18.
33. Wang, R., Cheslack-Postava, E., Luebke, D., Chen, Q., Hua, W., Peng, Q., and Bao, H. 2008. Real-time editing and relighting of homogeneous translucent materials. The Visual Computer 24, 565--575(11).
34. Weyrich, T., Matusik, W., Pfister, H., Bickel, B., Donner, C., Tu, C., McAndless, J., Lee, J., Ngan, A., Jensen, H. W., and Gross, M. 2006. Analysis of human faces using a measurement-based skin reflectance model. ACM Trans. Graph. 25, 3, 1013--1024.
35. Weyrich, T., Peers, P., Matusik, W., and Rusinkiewicz, S. 2009. Fabricating microgeometry for custom surface reflectance. ACM Trans. Graph. 28, 3, 1--6.
36. Xu, K., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Ju, T., and Hu, S.-M. 2007. Real-time homogenous translucent material editing. Computer Graphics Forum 26, 3, 545--552.

Index Terms

• Computing methodologies

  • Computer graphics

    • Image manipulation

      • Texturing