Abstract
How much longer will current RAID techniques persevere? The RAID levels were codified in the late 1980s; double-parity RAID, known as RAID-6, is the current standard for high-availability, space-efficient storage. The incredible growth of hard-drive capacities, however, could impose serious limitations on the reliability even of RAID-6 systems. Recent trends in hard drives show that triple-parity RAID must soon become pervasive. In 2005, Scientific American reported on Kryder’s law, which predicts that hard-drive density will double annually. While the rate of doubling has not quite maintained that pace, it has been close.
- Berriman, E., Feresten, P., Kung, S. 2006. NetApp RAID-DP: Dual-parity RAID-6 protection without compromise; http://media.netapp.com/documents/netapp-raid-dp.pdf.Google Scholar
- Blaum, M., Brady, J., Bruck, J., Menon, J. 1994. EVENODD: an optimal scheme for tolerating double disk failures in RAID architectures. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture: 245-254; http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/191995.192033. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chen, P., Lee, E., Patterson, D., Gibson, G., Katz, R. 1993. RAID: High-performance, reliable secondary storage. Technical Report CSD 93-778; http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=893811. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Corbett, P., English, B., Goel, A., Grcanac, T., Kleiman, S., Leong, J., Sankar, S. 2004. Row-diagonal parity for double disk failure correction. Proceedings of the 3rd Usenix Conference on File and Storage Technologies: 1-14; http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1096673.1096677. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Elerath, J. 2007. Hard-disk drives: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Queue 5(6): 28-37; http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1317394.1317403. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gray, J. Fitzgerald, B. 2007. Flash Disk Opportunity for Server-Applications. Microsoft Research; http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/papers/FlashDiskPublic.doc.Google Scholar
- Hitz, D. 2006. Why "Double Protecting RAID" (RAID-DP) doesn't waste extra disk space; http://blogs.netapp.com/dave/2006/05/why_double_prot.html.Google Scholar
- Leventhal, A. 2008. Flash storage today. Queue 6(4): 24-30; http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1413254.1413262. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Patterson, D., Gibson, G., Katz, R. 1988. A case for redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID). Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data: 109-116; http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/50202.50214. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Plank, J. 1996. A tutorial on Reed-Solomon coding for fault-tolerance in RAID-like systems. Technical Report UT-CS-96-332; http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=898928. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Walter, C. 2005. Kryder's law. Scientific American (August); http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=kryders-law.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Triple-Parity RAID and Beyond: As hard-drive capacities continue to outpace their throughput, the time has come for a new level of RAID.
Recommendations
Triple-parity RAID and beyond
Amir Pnueli: Ahead of His TimeAs hard-drive capacities continue to outpace their throughput, the time has come for a new level of RAID.
RAID triple parity
RAID triple parity (RTP) is a new algorithm for protecting against three-disk failures. It is an extension of the double failure correction Row-Diagonal Parity code. For any number of data disks, RTP uses only three parity disks. This is optimal with ...
A high-performance and endurable SSD cache for parity-based RAID
Solid-state drives (SSDs) have been widely used as caching tier for disk-based RAID systems to speed up data-intensive applications. However, traditional cache schemes fail to effectively boost the parity-based RAID storage systems (e.g., RAID-5/6), ...
Comments