ABSTRACT
Increasing use of automation in computer systems, such as advanced cockpits, presents special challenges in the design of user interfaces. The challenge is particularly difficult when automation is intermittent because the interface must support smooth transitions from automated to manual mode. A theory of direct manipulation predicts that this interface style will smooth the transition. Interfaces were designed to test the prediction and to evaluate two aspects of direct manipulation, semantic distance and engagement. Empirical results supported the theoretical prediction and also showed that direct engagement can have some adverse effects on another concurrent manual task. Generalizations of our results to other complex systems are presented.
- 1.Ballas, J. A., Heitmeyer, C. L., and Ptrez, M. A. Direct Manipulation and Intermittent Automation in Advanced Cockpits. Technical Rep. 9375. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C. (in press).Google Scholar
- 2.Beltracchi, L. A direct manipulation interface for heat engines based upon the Rankine cycle. I EEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. 17(3), pp. 478-487 (1987).Google ScholarCross Ref
- 3.Benson, C. R., Govindaraj, T., Mitchell, C. M. and Krosner, S.P. Effectiveness of direct manipulation interaction in the supervisory control of FMS parts movement. Proc. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Cambridge, MA, pp. 947-952 (Nov. 14-17, 1989).Google ScholarCross Ref
- 4.Bernotat, R. K. Man and computer in future on-board guidance and control systems of aircraft. In B. Shackel (Ed.) Man-computer interaction: Human factors aspects of computers and people. Sijthoff & Noordhoff, RockviUe, MD (1981).Google ScholarCross Ref
- 5.Draper, S. W. Display managers as the basis for usermachine communication. In D. A. Norman & S. W. Draper (Eds.) User-centered system design. Erlbaum Associates, HiUsdale, NJ, pp. 339-352 (1986).Google Scholar
- 6.Hutchins, E., Hollan, J. D. and Norman, D.A. Direct manipulation interfaces, in D. A. Norman & S. W. Draper (Eds.) User-centered system design. Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 87-124 (1986).Google ScholarCross Ref
- 7.Karat, J. Evaluating user interface complexity. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31 st Annual Meeting. Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA, pp. 566-570 (1987).Google ScholarCross Ref
- 8.Kieras, D. E. An overview of human-computer interaction. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 80(2), pp. 39-70 (1990).Google Scholar
- 9.Marshak, W. P., Kuperman, G., Ramsey, E. G., and Wilson, D. Situation awareness in map displays. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31 st Annual Meeting. Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA pp. 533-535 (1987).Google Scholar
- 10.Parasuraman, R., Bahri, T., Deaton, I. E., Morrison, J. G. and Barnes, M. Theory and design of adaptive automation in aviation systems. Cognitive Science Laboratory, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. (1990).Google Scholar
- 11.Reising, J. M. and Hartsock, D. C. Advanced warning/caution/advisory displays for fighter aircraft. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting. Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA. pp. 66-70 (1989).Google ScholarCross Ref
- 12.Whiteside, J., Jones, S., Levy, P. S. and Wixon, D. User performance with command, menu, and iconic interfaces. Proc. ACM CHI'85 Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York. pp. 185-191 (1985). Google ScholarDigital Library
- 13.Wickens, C. D. and Liu, Y. Codes and modalities in multiple resources: A success and a qualification. Human Factors. 30(5), pp. 599-616 (1988). Google ScholarDigital Library
- 14.Wiener, E.L. Beyond the sterile cockpit. Human Factors. 27(1), pp. 75-90 (1985).Google ScholarCross Ref
- 15.Ziegler, J. E. & Fahnrich, K. P. Direct manipulation. In M. Helender (Ed.) Handbook of human-computer interaction. Elsevier Science Publishers, North-Holland, pp. 123-133 (1988).Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Evaluating two aspects of direct manipulation in advanced cockpits
Recommendations
Completing the Job Interface Design
HyperNews, a user-interface management system that lets a user separate application and interface design to link a new interface to an old application with very little programming, is described. Much of a HyperNews interface can be designed without ...
Semi-Automated SVG Programming via Direct Manipulation
UIST '16: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and TechnologyDirect manipulation interfaces provide intuitive and interactive features to a broad range of users, but they often exhibit two limitations: the built-in features cannot possibly cover all use cases, and the internal representation of the content is not ...
Direct manipulation through surrogate objects
CHI '11: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsDirect manipulation has had major influence on interface design since it was proposed by Shneiderman in 1982. Although directness generally benefits users, direct manipulation also has weaknesses. In some cases, such as when a user needs to manipulate ...
Comments