Hitesh Ballani
ABSTRACT
IP anycast, with its innate ability to find nearby resources in a robust and efficient fashion, has long been considered an important means of service discovery. The growth of P2P applications presents appealing new uses for IP anycast. Unfortunately, IP anycast suffers from serious problems: it is very hard to deploy globally, it scales poorly by the number of anycast groups, and it lacks important features like load-balancing. As a result, its use is limited to a few critical infrastructure services such as DNS root servers. The primary contribution of this paper is a new IP anycast architecture, PIAS, that overcomes these problems while largely maintaining the strengths of IP anycast. PIAS makes use of a proxy overlay that advertises IP anycast addresses on behalf of group members and tunnels anycast packets to those members. The paper presents a detailed design of PIAS and evaluates its scalability and efficiency through simulation. We also present preliminary measurement results on anycasted DNS root servers that suggest that IP anycast provides good affinity. Finally, we describe how PIAS supports two important P2P and overlay applications.
- C. Partridge, T. Mendez, and W. Milliken, "RFC 1546 - Host Anycasting Service," November 1993.]] Google Scholar
Digital Library
- T. Hardy, "RFC 3258 - Distributing Authoritative Name Servers via Shared Unicast Addresses," April 2002.]]Google Scholar
- J. Abley, "Hierarchical Anycast for Global Service Distribution," ISC Technical Note ISC-TN-2003-1 www.isc.org/tn/isc-tn-2003-1.html.]]Google Scholar
- D. Kim, D. Meyer, H. Kilmer, and D. Farinacci, "RFC 3446 - Anycast Rendevous Point (RP) mechanism using Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) and Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)," January 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Katabi, "The Use of IP-Anycast for Building Efficient Multicast Trees," in Proc. of Global Telecommunications Conference, 1999.]]Google Scholar
- C. Huitema, "RFC 3068 - An Anycast Prefix for 6to4 Relay Routers," June 2001.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- "AS112 Project Home Page," www.as112.net.]]Google Scholar
- R. Hinden and S. Deering, "RFC 3513 - Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing Architecture," April 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- Akamai Technologies Inc., "Internet Bottlenecks: the Case for Edge Delivery Services," 2000, www.akamai.com/en/resources/pdf/whitepapers/Akamai_Internet_Bottlenecks_Whitepaper.pdf.]]Google Scholar
- B. Greene and D. McPherson, "ISP Security: Deploying and Using Sinkholes," www.nanog.org/ mtg-0306/sink.html, June 2003, NANOG TALK.]]Google Scholar
- D. R. Karger, E. Lehman, F. T. Leighton, R. Panigrahy, M. S. Levine, and D. Lewin, "Consistent Hashing and Random Trees: Distributed Caching Protocols for Relieving Hot Spots on the World Wide Web." in Proc. of STOC, 1997.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Rodrigues, B. Liskov, and L. Shrira, "The design of a robust peer-to-peer system," in Proc. of the Tenth ACM SIGOPS European Workshop, September 2002.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Gupta, B. Liskov, and R. Rodrigues, "One Hop Lookups for Peer-to-Peer Overlays," in Proc. of 9th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, May 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Andersen, H. Balakrishnan, F. Kaashoek, and R. Morris, "Resilient overlay networks," in Proc. of the eighteenth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 2001.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Subramanian, S. Agarwal, J. Rexford, and R. H. Katz, "Characterizing the Internet Hierarchy from Multiple Vantage Points." in Proc. of INFOCOM, 2002.]]Google Scholar
- N. Spring, R. Mahajan, and T. Anderson, "Quantifying the Causes of Path Inflation," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, August 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- Z. M. Mao, R. Govindan, G. Varghese, and R. H. Katz, "Route flap damping exacerbates Internet routing convergence," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2002.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Abley, "A Software Approach to Distributing Requests for DNS Service Using GNU Zebra, ISC BIND 9, and FreeBSD," in Proc. of USENIX Annual Technical Conference, FREENIX Track, 2004.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. S. E. Ng and H. Zhang, "Predicting Internet Network Distance with Coordinates-Based Approaches." in Proc. of INFOCOM, 2002.]]Google Scholar
- F. Dabek, R. Cox, F. Kaashoek, and R. Morris, "Vivaldi: a decentralized network coordinate system," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2004.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Alaettinoglu and S. Casner, "Detailed Analysis of ISIS Routing Protocol on the Qwest Backbone," February 2002, NANOG TALK.]]Google Scholar
- A. J. Ganesh, A.-M. Kermarrec, and L. Massoulie, "SCAMP: Peer-to-Peer Lightweight Membership Service for Large-Scale Group Communication," in Proc. of the Third International COST264 Workshop on Networked Group Communication, 2001.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Kostic, A. Rodriguez, J. Albrecht, and A. Vahdat, "Bullet: high bandwidth data dissemination using an overlay mesh," in Proc. of the Nineteenth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. Chun, D. Culler, T. Roscoe, A. Bavier, L. Peterson, M. Wawrzoniak, and M. Bowman, "PlanetLab: An Overlay Testbed for Broad-Coverage Services," ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 3--12, July 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- "ISC F-Root Sites," www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/f-root/.]]Google Scholar
- P. Barber, M. Larson, M. Kosters, and P. Toscano, "Life and Times of J-Root," www.nanog.org/mtg-0410/kosters.html, October 2004, NANOG TALK.]]Google Scholar
- R. Bush, Mailing list posting www.ripe.net/ripe/maillists/archives/routing-wg/2004/msg00183.html.]]Google Scholar
- K. Sripanidkulchai, A. Ganjam, B. Maggs, and H. Zhang, "The feasibility of supporting large-scale live streaming applications with dynamic application end-points," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2004.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- X. Zhang, J. Wang, and P. Francis, "Scaling the Internet through Tunnels," pias.gforge.cis.cornell.edu/tbgp.pdf.]]Google Scholar
- "SSFNet," www.ssfnet.org/homePage.html.]]Google Scholar
- "Netfilter," www.netfilter.org.]]Google Scholar
- E. Basturk, R. Haas, R. Engel, D. Kandlur, V. Peris, and D. Saha, "Using IP Anycast For Load Distribution And Server Location," in Proc. of IEEE Globecom Global Internet Mini Conference, November 1998.]]Google Scholar
- S. Matsunaga, S. Ata, H. Kitamura, and M. Murata, "Applications of IPv6 Anycasting," draft-ata-ipv6-anycast-app-00, February 2005.]]Google Scholar
- D. Katabi and J. Wroclawski, "A framework for scalable global IP-anycast (GIA)," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2000.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- E. W. Zegura, M. H. Ammar, Z. Fei, and S. Bhattacharjee, "Application-layer anycasting: a server selection architecture and use in a replicated Web service," IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 455--466, 2000.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- Z. Fei, S. Bhattacharjee, E. W. Zegura, and M. H. Ammar, "A Novel Server Selection Technique for Improving the Response Time of a Replicated Service." in Proc. of INFOCOM, 1998.]]Google Scholar
- I. Stoica, D. Adkins, S. Zhuang, S. Shenker, and S. Surana, "Internet Indirection Infrastructure," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2002.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- "Mobility for IPv6 (mip6), IETF Working Group Charter," www.ripe.net/ripe/maillists/archives/routing-wg/2004/msg00183.html.]]Google Scholar
- B. Aboba, L. Blunk, J. Vollbrecht, J. Carlson, and H. Levkowetz, "RFC 3748 - Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)," June 2004.]]Google Scholar
- A. D. Keromytis, V. Misra, and D. Rubenstein, "SOS: secure overlay services." in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2002.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Ballani and P. Francis, "Root-Server Anycast Deployment: A Meaurement Study," pias.gforge.cis.cornell.edu/am.pdf.]]Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Towards a global IP anycast service
Recommendations
Towards a global IP anycast service
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communicationsIP anycast, with its innate ability to find nearby resources in a robust and efficient fashion, has long been considered an important means of service discovery. The growth of P2P applications presents appealing new uses for IP anycast. Unfortunately, ...
A framework for scalable global IP-anycast (GIA)
SIGCOMM '00: Proceedings of the conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer CommunicationThis paper proposes GIA, a scalable architecture for global IP-anycast. Existing designs for providing IP-anycast must either globally distribute routes to individual anycast groups, or confine each anycast group to a pre-configured topological region. ...
Anycast CDNS revisited
WWW '08: Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide WebBecause it is an integral part of the Internet routing apparatus, and because it allows multiple instances of the same service to be "naturally" discovered, IP Anycast has many attractive features for any service that involve the replication of multiple ...
Comments